Chapter 8 · MCQ Read Mode

Geographic Information System

Which component of a GIS usually consumes the largest share of the total project cost?

The first operational geographic information system is generally taken to be:

Topology in GIS is best defined as the study of spatial properties that:

A short line segment left projecting beyond the intersection with another line after digitising is called a:

Which is NOT a limitation of the ESRI shapefile format?

The closeness of a measured coordinate to its true position on the ground is:

Very thin unwanted polygons produced along the common boundary when two layers digitised separately are overlaid are known as:

Which statement about the relationship between topology and the shapefile is correct?

Which of the following is a topological spatial relationship rather than a metric one?

The nine-intersection model used to formalise binary topological relations between two geometries is abbreviated:

Georeferencing of a scanned topographic sheet is normally assessed by:

Which quality element is concerned with whether features that should be in the dataset are actually present?

A line drawn with a pen width of 0.25 mm on a 1:25,000 map represents a ground width of approximately:

Data obtained by digitising an existing printed topographic map are classified as:

The international standard for geographic metadata is:

Elevation, temperature and rainfall are most naturally represented by which view of geographic space?

If the cell size of a raster is reduced from 30 m to 15 m over the same area, the number of cells:

Which raster compression structure recursively divides the grid into four quadrants until each block is homogeneous?

The triangulation normally used to build a TIN, which maximises the minimum interior angle of the triangles, is:

A major advantage of the raster model over the vector model is:

The stepped or 'staircase' appearance of a linear feature stored in raster form is a direct consequence of:

A breakline representing a ridge or a stream channel can be enforced directly in:

In the arc-node topological vector structure, each arc stores:

A pixel of a 30 m land-cover raster that contains both forest and water is an example of:

Metadata used to decide whether a discovered dataset is fit for the intended purpose serve at which level?

Which of the following is the OGC single-file container format intended as a modern replacement for the shapefile?

Which overlay operation keeps only the area common to both input layers together with the attributes of both?

The minimum number of well-distributed ground control points required for a six-parameter affine transformation is:

Which resampling method must be used when transforming a land-cover classification raster?

Computing a new raster by adding two coincident grids cell by cell is an example of which map-algebra operation?

The shortest-path problem on a road network with travel time as impedance is classically solved by:

A choropleth map should be used to portray:

Which classification method places class breaks where the data show natural groupings by minimising within-class variance?

The Styled Layer Descriptor is an OGC standard that defines:

Within an SLD document, the element that may contain a Filter and a scale range together with its symbolizers is the:

A nearest-neighbour index R of 0.4 computed for a set of points indicates a pattern that is:

The fact that results of an analysis change when the same data are aggregated into different zoning schemes is known as:

Selecting all the schools that fall inside flood-hazard polygons is an example of:

In a WMS request, the parameter used to send an inline user-defined style document is:

A slope of 45 degrees expressed as a percentage is:

Aspect derived from a DEM is measured:

The default illumination azimuth and altitude used for a hillshade are:

Surface curvature is derived from the DEM as the:

In the standard workflow for watershed delineation, the step that must precede the computation of flow direction is:

In the D8 flow-direction algorithm, flow from a cell is assigned to:

Which surface derivative would you map to locate convergent hollows where water and material concentrate?

A viewshed computed from a bare-earth DEM will typically overestimate visibility because it ignores:

The line where a proposed design surface meets the existing ground surface, marking the boundary between cut and fill, is known as the:

Compared with a 5 m DEM, slope values computed from a 90 m DEM of the same rugged area will generally be:

In a 3 x 3 window on a DEM, flow accumulation of a cell represents:

Why must a z-factor be applied when computing slope from a DEM whose coordinates are in degrees but whose elevations are in metres?

Every raster derived by a 3 x 3 moving window, such as slope or aspect, has:

The principle that near things are more related than distant things, on which interpolation depends, is:

Which interpolation method produces a surface that always passes exactly through the sample points and never predicts a value outside the range of the data?

In the semivariogram, the value of semivariance at zero lag distance that arises from measurement error and micro-scale variation is the:

Beyond the range of a fitted semivariogram model, pairs of points are:

Kriging is described as the best linear unbiased estimator because it:

Which form of kriging should be chosen when the variable shows a clear regional trend, such as temperature decreasing steadily with altitude across the study area?

The main practical advantage of kriging over inverse distance weighting is that kriging:

A surface model that includes the tops of buildings and the tree canopy is a:

Subtracting a DEM from a DSM over an urban area produces a raster whose values represent:

Hard breaklines are introduced into a terrain model in order to:

Which resampling method should be used when a DEM is reprojected and the smoothest continuous surface is required?

Leave-one-out cross-validation of an interpolated surface reports a mean error close to zero and a small RMSE. This indicates that the model is:

A nugget-to-sill ratio of 0.15 for a soil property indicates that the spatial dependence is:

Which OGC web service returns a rendered map image rather than the data themselves?

To download vector features so that they can be queried and edited in a desktop GIS, the appropriate service is:

The operation that must be issued first to discover the layers, coordinate systems and formats offered by any OGC service is:

Which service should be used when the actual pixel values of a satellite image are required for further analysis?

Editing features stored on a remote server over the web requires:

Which statement about 'open' in the term Open GIS is correct?

GeoServer is best described as:

In GeoServer, layers are organised within a:

The library used by almost every GIS package for reading, writing and converting raster and vector formats is:

A WMS layer added to a desktop GIS cannot be:

A WMS 1.3.0 request in EPSG:4326 returns a blank or wrongly located map although the same request works in version 1.1.1. The most likely cause is:

OpenStreetMap data are an example of:

Which OGC service delivers pre-rendered tiles from a fixed tile matrix for fast web display?