Question 1 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
The OSI model has how many layers?
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Question 2 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
A network switch operates at which OSI layer?
ALayer 1 (Physical)
BLayer 2 (Data Link)
CLayer 3 (Network)
DLayer 4 (Transport)
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Question 3 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
ADomain names to IP addresses
BIP addresses to MAC addresses
CMAC addresses to IP addresses
DPort numbers to services
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Question 4 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
CSMA/CA is used instead of CSMA/CD in wireless networks because:
AWireless networks are faster than wired
BCollisions cannot be detected in wireless due to the hidden node problem
CWireless devices do not have MAC addresses
DCSMA/CD is patented
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Question 5 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
IEEE 802.11 defines which wireless standard?
AEthernet
BBluetooth
CWi-Fi
DWiMAX
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Question 6 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
A hub differs from a switch in that a hub:
AForwards frames based on MAC addresses
BBroadcasts all incoming data to every connected port
COperates at Layer 3
DPerforms IP routing
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Question 7 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
A32 bits long, assigned by software
B128 bits long, used in IPv6
C48 bits long, hardware-burned into the NIC
D64 bits long, used by routers
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Question 8 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
The TCP/IP model combines OSI layers into how many layers?
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Question 9 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
CRC in an Ethernet frame is used for:
AEncryption of frame data
BError detection
CSource MAC address storage
DFlow control
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Question 10 of 69Computer Networks, Physical and Data Link Layer
In CSMA/CD, when a collision is detected, the station:
AContinues transmission to completion
BImmediately retransmits without waiting
CStops transmitting, sends a jam signal, and retransmits after random backoff
DSends an RTS frame
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Question 11 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
IPv6 addresses are how many bits long?
A32 bits
B64 bits
C128 bits
D256 bits
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Question 12 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
Which IP address class has a first octet range of 128–191?
AClass A
BClass B
CClass C
DClass D
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Question 13 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
RIP's maximum hop count before a route is considered unreachable is:
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Question 14 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
TCP differs from UDP in that TCP:
AHas lower overhead and is faster
BIs used for real-time video streaming
CProvides reliable, ordered, connection-oriented delivery
DDoes not use port numbers
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Question 15 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
The TCP 3-way handshake sequence is:
ASYN → ACK → SYN
BSYN → SYN-ACK → ACK
CACK → SYN → FIN
DSYN → FIN → ACK
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Question 16 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
OSPF uses which algorithm to compute shortest paths?
ABellman-Ford
BFloyd-Warshall
CDijkstra's algorithm
DKruskal's algorithm
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Question 17 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
The loopback address 127.0.0.1 is used to:
AIdentify the default gateway
BTest the local host's network stack without sending traffic to the network
CBroadcast to all hosts on the subnet
DReserve addresses for ISPs
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Question 18 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
A socket is identified by:
AMAC address only
BIP address only
CIP address combined with a port number
DDomain name and service
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Question 19 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
ICMP is primarily used for:
AReliable data transfer
BNetwork error reporting and diagnostics (ping, traceroute)
CDynamic IP address assignment
DDomain name resolution
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Question 20 of 69Network Layer and Transport Layer
UDP is preferred over TCP for real-time applications because:
AUDP guarantees packet delivery
BUDP maintains connection state
CUDP has lower overhead and does not add retransmission delays
DUDP handles congestion better
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Question 21 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
Which port does HTTPS use by default?
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Question 22 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
DNS primarily uses which transport protocol and port?
ATCP port 80
BUDP port 53
CTCP port 443
DUDP port 67
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Question 23 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
AES is an example of which type of encryption?
AAsymmetric encryption
BHash function
CSymmetric encryption
DDigital signature
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Question 24 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
A digital signature is created by:
AEncrypting the message with the recipient's public key
BHashing the message and encrypting the hash with the sender's private key
CEncrypting the message with a symmetric key
DSending the message through a CA
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Question 25 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
DHCP automatically assigns to clients:
AMAC addresses
BIP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server
CSSH keys
DDigital certificates
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Question 26 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
ASymmetric encryption
BHashing algorithm
CAsymmetric (public-key) encryption
DBlock cipher mode
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Question 27 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
A VPN provides security primarily through:
ABlocking all incoming connections
BEncrypting traffic through a secure tunnel over a public network
CAssigning private IP addresses
DCertificate validation only
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Question 28 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
A stateful firewall differs from a packet filter in that:
AIt only examines packet headers
BIt tracks the state of active connections and allows return traffic automatically
CIt operates at the application layer
DIt does not use rules
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Question 29 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
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Question 30 of 69Application Layer and Network Security
ASteal user credentials
BIntercept and modify network traffic
COverwhelm a service with traffic making it unavailable
DInject malicious SQL queries
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Question 31 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) uses fixed-size cells of:
A64 bytes
B53 bytes
C128 bytes
DVariable size
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Question 32 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
Asynchronous transmission uses which mechanism to frame characters?
AA shared clock signal
BStart and stop bits
CBlock headers and trailers
DPreamble bytes
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Question 33 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
The correct order of TCP server socket calls is:
Abind() → socket() → listen() → accept()
Bsocket() → connect() → bind() → listen()
Csocket() → bind() → listen() → accept()
Dsocket() → listen() → bind() → accept()
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Question 34 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
The select() system call is used for:
ASelecting the fastest network interface
BMonitoring multiple socket file descriptors for I/O readiness
CSelecting the best routing path
DChoosing encryption algorithms
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Question 35 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
SNMP uses which port numbers?
A80 and 443
B22 and 23
C161 and 162
D53 and 67
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Question 36 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
NAT (Network Address Translation) primarily solves:
ASlow network speeds
BIPv4 address exhaustion by sharing a public IP among many private devices
CSecurity vulnerabilities in TCP
DDNS resolution failures
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Question 37 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
A network daemon is best described as:
AA malicious background process
BA background process that listens on a port for incoming connections
CA network monitoring tool
DA type of firewall
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Question 38 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
Synchronous transmission is preferred over asynchronous when:
AIndividual characters need to be sent intermittently
BNo shared clock is available
CLarge continuous data blocks are transmitted at high speed
DLow-speed serial connections are used
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Question 39 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
X.25 evolved into which network technologies over time?
AEthernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
BFrame Relay, ATM, MPLS
CIPv4, IPv6, IPsec
DTCP, UDP, ICMP
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Question 40 of 69Synchronization, Network Management and Socket Programming
PAT (Port Address Translation) allows:
AOne private IP to map to one public IP
BMany private IPs to share a single public IP using different port numbers
CPublic IPs to be converted to private IPs
DPort numbers to be assigned dynamically
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Question 41 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
The Control Unit (CU) of the CPU is responsible for:
APerforming arithmetic operations
BStoring data permanently
CFetching, decoding, and controlling instruction execution
DManaging virtual memory
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Question 42 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
The Program Counter (PC) register holds:
AThe result of the last ALU operation
BThe current instruction being executed
CThe address of the next instruction to be fetched
DThe memory address currently being accessed
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Question 43 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
RISC architecture uses which type of control unit?
AMicroprogrammed
BHardwired
CCached
DPipelined
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Question 44 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
Which architecture is used in x86 (Intel/AMD) processors?
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Question 45 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
A data hazard in pipelining occurs when:
ATwo instructions need the same hardware resource simultaneously
BA branch instruction changes the instruction flow
CAn instruction depends on a result not yet produced by a previous instruction
DThe pipeline has too many stages
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Question 46 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
Flynn's taxonomy category MIMD represents:
AA single core executing one instruction on one data item
BMultiple processors each executing different instructions on different data
CGPU vector processing
DPipelined execution
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Question 47 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
ABidirectional, carrying data between CPU and memory
BUnidirectional, carrying memory addresses from CPU to memory
CUsed for interrupt signals
DBidirectional, carrying control signals
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Question 48 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
Pipelining improves CPU performance by:
AExecuting instructions faster individually
BOverlapping execution stages of multiple instructions
CReducing the number of instructions needed
DIncreasing clock speed
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Question 49 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
SIMD in Flynn's taxonomy is exemplified by:
AA single-core CPU
BA multiprocessor cluster
CGPU vector processing and multimedia instructions
DFault-tolerant redundant systems
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Question 50 of 69Control Unit and Central Processing Unit
The MDR (Memory Data Register) holds:
AThe address of the next instruction
BThe current instruction being executed
CData just read from or about to be written to memory
DThe stack pointer value
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Question 51 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
From fastest to slowest, the correct memory hierarchy order is:
ARAM → Cache → Registers → Hard Disk
BHard Disk → RAM → Cache → Registers
CRegisters → Cache → RAM → Hard Disk
DCache → Registers → RAM → Hard Disk
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Question 52 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
In direct-mapped cache, each main memory block:
ACan be placed in any cache line
BMaps to exactly one specific cache line
CMaps to a set of cache lines
DIs stored in multiple cache lines
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Question 53 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
LRU cache replacement policy evicts:
AThe most recently accessed block
BThe first block loaded into cache
CThe block that was least recently accessed
DA randomly chosen block
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Question 54 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
DMA (Direct Memory Access) improves I/O performance because:
AIt increases CPU clock speed
BIt transfers data between devices and RAM without CPU involvement
CIt caches I/O data in the CPU
DIt uses a faster bus protocol
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Question 55 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
Interrupt-driven I/O is more efficient than programmed I/O (polling) because:
AInterrupts are faster than polling
BThe CPU doesn't waste cycles repeatedly checking device status
CInterrupts require less hardware
DPolling causes data corruption
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Question 56 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
AI/O devices use separate IN/OUT instructions
BI/O device registers are accessed using the same load/store instructions as regular memory
CI/O data is cached in RAM
DVirtual memory is used for I/O
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Question 57 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
A page fault occurs when:
AA cache miss happens
BThe TLB cannot translate an address
CA requested page is not currently in physical RAM
DThe page table is corrupted
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Question 58 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
The TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) is used to:
AStore frequently used data
BCache recent virtual-to-physical address translations
CStore the page table
DBuffer DMA transfers
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Question 59 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
Set-associative cache mapping is a compromise between:
AFIFO and LRU replacement
BDirect mapping (simple, conflict-prone) and fully associative (flexible, expensive)
CL1 and L2 cache
DWrite-back and write-through policies
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Question 60 of 69Memory System and Input/Output Organization
Spatial locality in cache design means:
ARecently accessed data will likely be accessed again soon
BData near recently accessed locations is likely to be accessed soon
CThe most frequently used data should be cached
DCache is physically close to the CPU
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Question 61 of 69Theory of Computation
What condition indicates a circular queue is FULL (size = N, front and rear start at 0)?
ARear = Front
BRear = N − 1
CRear = (Front + 1) MOD N
DFront = 0
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Question 62 of 69Theory of Computation
Class P problems are solvable in polynomial time by which machine?
ANon-deterministic Turing Machine
BProbabilistic Turing Machine
CDeterministic Turing Machine
DOracle Turing Machine
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Question 63 of 69Theory of Computation
The thesis that states any algorithm computable by a person can be computed by a Turing Machine is:
AGödel's Incompleteness Theorem
BChurch-Turing Thesis
CRice's Theorem
DHalting Problem
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Question 64 of 69Theory of Computation
A Finite Automaton (FA) recognises languages described by which grammar type?
ARegular Grammar (Type 3)
BContext-Free Grammar (Type 2)
CContext-Sensitive Grammar (Type 1)
DUnrestricted Grammar (Type 0)
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Question 65 of 69Theory of Computation
The key characteristic of a Universal Turing Machine (UTM) is:
AIt runs on quantum hardware
BIt solves the halting problem
CIt can simulate any other Turing Machine
DIt operates in parallel
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Question 66 of 69Theory of Computation
A language is Turing-recognisable (recursively enumerable) if:
AA TM enumerator lists all strings in the language
BA finite automaton accepts it
CA PDA accepts it
DIt is decidable by a TM
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Question 67 of 69Theory of Computation
A Pushdown Automaton (PDA) that has at most one possible move for any input symbol and stack symbol is called:
ANon-deterministic PDA
BDeterministic PDA (DPDA)
CTwo-stack PDA
DTuring Machine
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Question 68 of 69Theory of Computation
The cardinality of the power set of a set with 4 elements, |P(1,2,3,4)|, is:
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Question 69 of 69Theory of Computation
What grammar notation uses meta-symbols to formally define the syntax of programming languages?
ABNF (Backus-Naur Form)
BRegular Expression
CFinite Automaton
DTruth Table
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