Chapter 5 · MCQ Read Mode

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

The minimum number of satellites required for a three-dimensional GNSS position fix is:

The measured distance to a GNSS satellite is called a pseudorange because it contains:

The orbital altitude of GPS satellites is approximately:

The reference system used by GPS is:

Which system is a satellite-based augmentation system serving the South Asian region?

The measurement noise of the carrier-phase observable is of the order of:

The main difficulty in using the carrier phase observable is:

The ionospheric effect on the GPS signal:

Doppler observations in GNSS are used mainly to determine:

GNSS signals are transmitted with:

A choke-ring antenna is used mainly to:

The point to which GNSS measurements physically refer on the antenna is the:

The standard format for exchanging raw GNSS observations for post-processing is:

In single-point positioning, the unknowns solved for are:

Typical accuracy of single-point (autonomous) code positioning is:

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) achieves centimetre accuracy with one receiver by using:

In relative positioning, the quantity determined directly is the:

Differencing between two receivers observing the same satellite eliminates the:

The accuracy specification '5 mm + 1 ppm' means that the error grows with:

The six Keplerian elements describing a satellite orbit include:

The largest perturbation of a GNSS satellite orbit is caused by:

The accuracy of the broadcast ephemeris is of the order of:

Precise IGS orbits are distributed in which format?

The almanac transmitted by GNSS satellites is used mainly for:

Converting a GNSS ellipsoidal height into an orthometric height requires a:

Precise GNSS coordinates must be quoted with an epoch because:

The GPS L1 carrier frequency is:

The chipping rate of the GPS C/A code is:

The GPS navigation message is transmitted at a rate of:

Double differencing of carrier-phase observations eliminates:

Triple differencing is mainly useful for:

The ionosphere-free linear combination of L1 and L2:

The wide-lane combination is used because its long wavelength (≈ 86 cm):

Carrier smoothing of the code (Hatch filter) is used to:

The tropospheric delay in GNSS:

The zenith hydrostatic (dry) tropospheric delay is approximately:

Multipath error in GNSS:

The ionospheric delay is proportional to:

Selective Availability, the deliberate degradation of GPS accuracy, was switched off in:

Dilution of precision (DOP) in GNSS describes the effect of:

A low value of PDOP indicates that the satellites are:

Which PDOP value would be regarded as good for a survey?

VDOP is generally larger than HDOP because:

The relation between the DOP values is:

An elevation mask of 10°–15° is applied in GNSS surveys to:

Mission planning for a GNSS survey is carried out using:

The antenna height in a GNSS survey should be:

A 'float' solution in RTK or baseline processing means that:

Repeat observation of a baseline in a different session is done mainly to:

Loop misclosures of independent baselines are used to:

A GNSS control network is finally processed by:

A GNSS survey report should state the datum, epoch and:

The most accurate GNSS positioning mode for establishing a geodetic control network is:

Typical accuracy of static GNSS baseline determination is:

Rapid static positioning normally requires an occupation of:

In stop-and-go (semi-kinematic) surveying, the receiver must:

Pseudo-kinematic positioning improves the solution by:

Kinematic GNSS positioning typically achieves an accuracy of:

Real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning provides horizontal accuracy of about:

Code-based differential GNSS (DGNSS) gives accuracy of about:

Corrections for RTK are commonly delivered over the internet using:

Network RTK using several reference stations is valuable because it:

A continuously operating reference station (CORS) does NOT normally provide:

A CORS installation requires above all:

Continuous GNSS stations in Nepal are particularly valuable for:

An inertial measurement unit consists of:

In an inertial navigation system, position is obtained from acceleration by:

A strapdown INS differs from a gimballed system because the sensors are:

The fundamental limitation of an inertial navigation system is that its errors:

Which is an advantage of INS over GNSS?

Attitude in a strapdown INS is commonly propagated using:

A typical GNSS/INS error-state Kalman filter estimates:

In a Kalman filter, the matrix Q represents the:

The Kalman gain determines:

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used when:

In loosely coupled GNSS/INS integration:

Tightly coupled integration is advantageous because it:

Direct georeferencing of airborne LiDAR and photogrammetric sensors is achieved by: