Chapter 5 · MCQ Read Mode

Design of Structures

Dead load in structural design refers to:

Imposed (live) load values specified in design codes primarily depend on:

Wind load on a structure is significantly influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

Earthquake (seismic) load on a structure is estimated using methods that account for:

The primary reason design codes specify load combinations with partial safety factors, rather than simply summing full characteristic loads, is that: acceptably low probability of the design load being exceeded

The load combination 0.9DL ± 1.5(WL or EL) is primarily used to check for:

The characteristic load, as used in limit state design, is defined as:

The design load used in limit state design calculations is obtained as:

Snow load on a structure's roof primarily depends on:

A typical limit-state load combination combining dead, live, and wind loads together (per IS 456/NBC-type codes) is:

The principal design property of hardened concrete, determined via standard cube/cylinder testing at 28 days, is:

Workability of fresh concrete is most commonly measured using the:

According to Abrams' law, the compressive strength of concrete is generally related to the water- cement ratio such that:

A nominal mix, as opposed to a design mix, is characterized by:

The characteristic strength of concrete, as used for quality control and design, is defined such that:

Non-destructive tests for assessing in-situ hardened concrete strength/quality include:

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), typically differs by:

Water used in concrete mixing must be free of harmful impurities such as organic matter and salts because these can:

Admixtures used in concrete, such as plasticizers, retarders, and accelerators, are classified as:

Durability of concrete against environmental deterioration is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

The limit state method (LSM) of RC design, as used in modern codes like IS 456, differs from the working stress method (WSM) primarily by: collapse and serviceability

An under-reinforced RC beam section is designed to fail by:

A doubly reinforced concrete beam includes compression reinforcement primarily because: capacity

A slab is classified as a one-way slab when: one direction

At the limit state of collapse in flexure, the design of an RC section assumes that: neglected)

Shear reinforcement (stirrups) in an RC beam is required when:

Deflection control in routine RC beam/slab design (limit state of serviceability) is commonly achieved by:

Bond, in the context of reinforced concrete, refers to: them

Development length (anchorage) for a reinforcement bar is defined as:

Two-way slab design, compared to one-way slab design, requires: conditions

A long (slender) RC column, compared to a short column, requires additional design consideration for:

Lateral ties (or spirals) in an RC column serve to:

An isolated footing is designed by checking: bearing capacity

A combined footing is typically used instead of separate isolated footings when: needs control

The fundamental principle of pre-stressed concrete is to: would develop under load

In pre-tensioning, the sequence of construction is: gains sufficient strength

In post-tensioning, prestress is transferred to the concrete via: end anchorages

Long-term losses in prestressed concrete are primarily caused by:

Friction losses in prestress are particularly relevant to:

A column subjected to axial load combined with uniaxial or biaxial bending (e.g. an edge or corner column) is typically designed using:

Built-up steel sections, as opposed to standard rolled sections, are primarily used when: offers are needed, often for longer spans/heavier loads

A bolted bearing-type connection transfers load primarily through:

High-strength friction grip (HSFG) bolted connections transfer load primarily through:

A fillet weld, as commonly used in steel connections, is typically applied to:

A tension member (tie) in steel design is checked against design tensile strength governed by:

Struts and axially loaded compression members in steel design are primarily checked against: curves

The function of a column base (e.g. a slab base) in steel structures is to: concrete's permissible bearing stress

Anchor bolts in a steel column base connection primarily serve to:

Compared to bolted connections, welded steel connections generally offer:

HSFG (friction-type) bolted connections are often preferred over ordinary bearing-type bolted connections for:

Permissible (working) stresses used in timber design are derived by:

In timber beam design, which type of shear stress is often particularly critical, more so than in many other structural materials?

The Nepal Building Code's (NBC) mandatory rules of thumb for load-bearing masonry buildings are best described as: reinforcement, etc.) enabling safer construction without full engineering analysis

Diagonal tension cracking in a masonry wall is a failure mode typically associated with:

Out-of-plane bending/overturning failure of a masonry wall is particularly critical for:

Sliding shear failure in masonry occurs when:

Among mud, lime, and cement mortar, which generally offers the lowest strength and durability?

Lime mortar, compared to cement mortar, is often noted for offering: heritage/traditional construction

Timber columns are designed against buckling based primarily on:

Cement mortar is the standard choice for modern load-bearing and reinforced masonry construction primarily because it offers:

Load factor used for live load are ............ than that used for dead loads.

Which of the following is not included in imposed load classification?

Which of the following building code is used for seismic design of buildings in Nepal?

Which one of the following standards describes wind loads?

The Mandatory Rules of Thumb for reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill is described in ............

The National Building Code (NBC) for unit weight of material is ............

The code which includes masonry rule of thumb is ............

The guidelines for earthquake resistant building construction - low strength masonry is mentioned in ............

The specification for ductile design and detailing of RCC is described in ............

Imposed load is also known as ............

Which of the following is considered as gravity load?

Imposed load is in which part of the IS Code?

Which of the following IS code describes Dead Load?

Which of the following IS codes has provisions for live loads?

The live load provision is made in ............

Which IS Code is used for designing an industrial building considering earthquake loads?

Which of the following relation is correct for design horizontal seismic coefficient?

. For earthquake loads, axially loaded members have to resist ............

What is characteristic load?

Internal pressure coefficient in a building is positive if acting from ............ and external pressure coefficient in a building is positive if from ............

Structures should be designed such that ............

Which of the following factors does not influence earthquake resistance design?

Which of the following assumption is correct for earthquake-resistant structure design?

The return period of earthquake E1 is ............

What is permanent action according to classification of actions by IS code?

What is variable action according to classification of actions by IS code?

What is structural response factor?

What is P-Delta effect?

Imposed load taken for balconies of building is ............

Importance factor for hospital is ............

The criteria for earthquake-resistant design of structures is described in ............

Which types of forces are generated during earthquake?

The proportion of earthquake forces transferred in the vertical structure is ............

For designing masonry components of a structure, seismic forces provision in the design calculation is not necessary for buildings constructed in ............

What percent of factored load is notional horizontal force?

In an earthquake, which plane of the wall can resist shear forces most effectively?

For buildings having a low permeability, the internal wind pressure acting normal to the wall and roof surfaces is taken as, where p is basic wind pressure:

Wind pressure at any height of structure does not depend on ............

Which of the following relation is correct for design wind speed (Vz) and basic wind speed (Vb)?

Which relation between design pressure (pz) and design wind speed (Vz) is correct?

The wind load is placed under which Nepal Standard code?

The wind load is placed under which IS code?

Wind pressure acting normal to individual element or cladding unit is ............

Calculate design wind speed for a site in a city with basic wind speed of 50 m/s, risk coefficient = 1, topography factor = 1, terrain height and structure size factor = 0.97.

Calculate design wind speed for a site in a city with basic wind speed of 50 m/s, risk coefficient = 1, topography factor = 1, height and structure size factor = 1.

The force experienced by a wall of area 100 m², if design wind speed is 50 m/s and coefficient of external and internal pressure are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively.

Calculate the design wind pressure if basic wind speed is 44 m/s, risk coefficient is 1, topography factor is 1, terrain factor is 1.

IS Code gives basic wind speed averaged over a short interval of ............

The wind pressure on structure to be considered if design wind speed is 50 m/s.

Positive sign of pressure coefficient indicates ............

Basic wind speed = 55 m/s and k1, k2, k3 are all 1. Then wind pressure is ............

How many wind zones are there in Nepal?

The speed of wind in hilly area of Nepal above 3000 m is taken as ............

What is the minimum imposed load on roof trusses as per IS code?

For roof of slope 14°, the imposed load to be considered for non-accessible roof is ............

For roofs of slope greater than 10°, the imposed load is reduced by ............ for every degree rise in slope.

The slope of roof for snow load not to be considered should be more than ............

The load due to snow to be considered for roof of shape coefficient 0.75 is 1.5 kN/m². What load should be considered for roof of shape factor 0.6 in same locality?

For access provided flat, sloping or curved roof with slope up to 10°, the design imposed load (UDL) as per IS 875 is ............

The live load for sloping roof with slope 15° where access is not provided to roof is taken as ............

In roof truss, the value of snow load is taken as ............

The snow load is calculated as ............

Which of the following load combination is not possible for roof truss?

What is the partial safety factor for live load in combination of DL + LL for limit state of strength, where DL = Dead load, LL = Imposed load?

What is the partial safety factor for combination of DL + LL for limit state of strength, where DL = Dead load, LL = Imposed load?

What is the partial safety factor for dead load in combination of DL + LL + WL/EL for limit state of serviceability?

What is the partial safety factor for dead load in combination of DL + WL/EL for limit state of serviceability?

What is the partial safety factor for imposed load in combination of DL + LL + AL, where DL = Dead load, WL = Wind load, AL = Accidental load?

What is the partial safety factor for imposed load in combination of DL + LL + WL/EL for limit state of serviceability?

Which of the following load combination is not possible?

Which of the following is the correct load combination?

Load combinations are the loadings formed by the ............ of the independent loading conditions.

Purpose of load factors is to account for ............

According to NBC 105, how many types of soil are classified in Nepal?

What is concrete?

What is concrete technology?

Concrete finds its application in ............

Reinforced cement concrete is equally strong in taking .........

High strength concrete is defined purely on the basis of ............

Which type of concrete is classified based on the design of concrete?

Which of the following stress can plain concrete endure?

Unit weight of RCC is ............

The self-weight of plain cement concrete is ............

The continuous strain which the concrete undergoes due to application of external loads is called ............

The cement concrete in which high compressive stresses are artificially induced before its actual use is called ............

The breaking up of cohesion in a mass of concrete is called ............

The ability of the material to resist stress without failure is called ..........

Permanent dimension changes due to loading of concrete is termed as ............

Creep increases when ............

As per IS 10262:2009, the standard deviation for M25 concrete is ............

After curing of 3 days, the concrete gains strength up to ............

After curing of 28 days, the concrete gains strength up to .........

Compaction of concrete helps in ............

1% of voids in a concrete mix would reduce its strength by about ...........

The removal of excess air after placing concrete helps in increasing the strength of concrete by ............

In case of hand mixing of concrete, the extra cement to be added is ............

Which of the following ratio is also known as water-cement ratio?

Which property of a substance resists abrasion or scratching that causes penetration or indentation?

Which of the following increases the workability of concrete?

The lower water-cement ratio in concrete causes ............

In order to obtain best workability of concrete the perfect shape of aggregate is ............

The workability of concrete used in tremie pipe concreting will be ............

Which of the following is standard grade concrete?

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) was evolved because plain concrete has ............

What should be mean target strength to get M20 concrete?

What is the total percentage of aggregates in concrete in terms of volume?

The strength of cube after 28 days can be taken as ............

The nominal mix for M20 concrete is ............

The concrete above which grade is considered to be high-grade concrete?

Minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete as per IS 456:2000 is ............

Construction of RCC slabs, columns, beams, etc. the minimum recommended grade of concrete mix is ............

Maximum water quantity per bag of cement for M20 grade concrete is ............

If the strength of concrete is 25 N/mm², then it will be classified as ............

Harshness in concrete is due to the excess of ............

For very stiff mixes, which method is suitable?

Flexural strength of M25 concrete is ............

What happens if mineral oil is present in mixing for concrete?

The optimum number of revolutions over which concrete is required to be mixed in a mixer is ............

Segregation in concrete results in ............

Poisson's ratio for concrete ............

The degree of plasticity of fresh concrete mortar is called ............

Schmidt's Rebound Hammer technique is used to measure ............

Which of the following is used to test the standard consistency of cement?

Which of the following is not a type of non-destructive testing?

To determine the modulus of rupture, the size of test specimen used is ............

The size of cube to determine characteristic compressive strength of concrete is ............

The tensile strength of concrete is approximately ............ of compressive strength.

The ratio of direct tensile strength to that of modulus of rupture is ............

The elastic modulus of elasticity of M25 concrete is ............

The approximate ratio of strength of 15 x 30 cm concrete cylinder to that of 15 x 15 cm cube of same concrete is ............

The approximate ratio between the strength of cement concrete at 7 days and 28 days is ............

The approximate ratio of strength of 15 x 30 cm concrete cylinder to that of 15 x 15 cm cube of same concrete is ...........

Tensile test can be performed on ............

Size of test specimen for splitting tensile test is ............

Cube is tested on which side?

............ is measured by applying load along diameter of cylinder

One sample consists of ............ number of specimens.

Individual variation of test results should not be more than ............ % of the average of the specimens, otherwise test results of the sample are invalid.

How is creep related to the strength of concrete?

The approximate value of shrinkage strain in concrete, is ..........

Half of the total shrinkage is assumed to occur in ............

Shrinkage in concrete increases with ............

The minimum curing period as per IS 456 is ..........

The concrete should be cured at ............

The process of hardening the concrete mixes by keeping its surface moist for a certain period is called ............

The levelling operation that removes humps and hollows and gives a true, uniform concrete surface is called ............

The form work is usually removed after ............ for walls, columns, and the vertical faces of all structural components.

The final operation of finishing the concrete surface is called ............

The minimum stripping time of soffit formwork to beams (props to be refixed immediately after removal of formwork) is ............

On increasing the grade of concrete, crushing strain ............

Characteristic strength of concrete is measured at ............

Compressive strength of concrete is ............ tensile strength.

Characteristic compressive strength of M20 concrete is ............

The characteristic strength of concrete in the actual structure is taken as ............

The design strength of a concrete member in a structure can be taken as ...........

The compressive strength of a beam in a structure can be taken as ............

The tensile strength of concrete to be used in the design of reinforced concrete members is ............

The maximum tensile stress for limit state design of R.C. beam is ............

The characteristic strength of concrete is defined as that strength below which not more than ............ of the test results are expected to fall.

The shape of idealized stress-strain curve as prescribed by IS 456-2000 is ............

The ratio of compressive strength of concrete in structure to the characteristic strength of concrete in cube is equal to ............

The permissible bending compressive stress for M25 grade of concrete is 8.5 N/mm2. Its short-term and long-term modular ratios are, nearly ............

The permissible stress in compression due to bending (sigma_bc) for M20 as per IS 456 is ............

Which of the following method takes into account the serviceability requirement?

Which method assumes that the structural material behaves in a linearly elastic manner?

Which equation expresses the working stress method for reinforced concrete?

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Working Stress Method?

Which of the following is not an assumption for working stress design method?

Which of the following is not a limit state of collapse?

What is modular ratio in Working stress method?

The term 'modular ratio' is the ratio of ............

Which of the following IS Code has described about working stress design method?

Long term modulus of elasticity is given by ............

Short term modulus of elasticity of M25 concrete is ............

For M20 Grade of concrete, modular ratio would be ............

What is the factor of safety?

In limit state method, factor of safety for load is ............

What is factor of safety for concrete in working stress method?

What is factor of safety for steel in working stress method?

In limit state method, factor of safety for steel and concrete material is ............

Which of the following equation expresses the modular ratio (m) for working stress method?

With a percentage increase of carbon in steel, decreases its ............

In a doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam, the distance between the centroids of compression and tension reinforcements is generally known as ............

Over reinforced section fails on ............

The main reinforcement on RCC continuous member is placed at ............

An additional longitudinal reinforcement in webs of beams should be placed if the depth of the web is more than 750 mm at ............

In the design of a cantilever beam, main steel reinforcement is provided along ............ face of the beam.

As per IS 456:2000, for the design of doubly reinforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement Asc is given by ............

Side reinforcement should be provided for beam of depth more than ............

For simply supported beam of span 15 m, the minimum effective depth to satisfy the vertical deflection limits should be ............

The maximum depth of neutral axis for beam of effective depth 500 mm is ............

Minimum cover in a beam should neither be less than the diameter of bar nor less than ............

The depth of neutral axis for use of singly reinforced section with 500 grade reinforcement should be less than ............

The maximum ratio of depth of neutral axis of balanced section to effective depth of beam is ............

The maximum tension reinforcement in beam should not be less than ............

The limiting value for effective depth ratio for continuous two-way slab is ............

The cracking of cement concrete occurs first in ............

For two-way slab ............

Minimum spacing of main bars for 5-inch-thick RCC slab is ............

Maximum spacing of distribution bars for 5-inch-thick RCC slab is ............

Maximum diameter of bars used in 5-inch-thick slab is ............

Minimum cover in a slab should neither be less than the diameter of bar nor less than ............

The value of average bond stress tau_bd depends on ..........

The distribution of shear intensity over a rectangular section of beam follows ............

Shear reinforcement is provided in RC section to ............

The shear reinforcement in RCC is mainly provided to resist ............

Shear reinforcement in beam is provided in the form of ............

When shear stress exceeds the permissible limit in a slab, then it is reduced by ............

The shear load resisted by vertical shear reinforcement is ............

The minimum shear reinforcement in beam should not be less than ............

Shear strength of concrete depends on ............

The maximum spacing between vertical stirrups of effective depth 360 mm is ............

The maximum spacing between inclined stirrups of effective depth 360 mm is ............

Deflection can be controlled by using the appropriate ............

The maximum permissible deflection in slab is ..........

If a beam fails in bond, then its bond strength can be increased most economically by ............

The average permissible stress in bond for plain bars in tension is ............

According to IS 456, the anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to X times the diameter of the bar, where X is ............

According to IS 456, the anchorage value of a standard 90-degree bend shall be equal to X times the diameter of the bar, where X is ............

The development length for tension bars ............

The development length for deformed bars in tension is ..........

The lap length of reinforcement in compression shall not be less than where phi = diameter of bar.

As per IS 456:2000, the lap length of reinforcement in compression shall not be less than;

The minimum value of anchorage provided at the end of the RCC section is ............

As per IS 456, the maximum value of anchorage in a 135-degree bend is ............

Which of the following is not a compression member?

When a vertical member is carrying mainly axial loads, it is termed as a ______.

When an inclined or horizontal member is carrying mainly axial loads, it is termed as a ______.

All R.C. columns must be designed for a minimum eccentricity of ______.

When a column is subjected to eccentric load ______.

The minimum eccentricity to be considered for axially loaded RCC column of size 400 mm × 400 mm with unsupported length of 5 m is ______.

A column is regarded as a long column if the ratio of its effective length and lateral dimension exceeds ______.

A compression member is termed as column or strut if the ratio of its effective length to the least lateral dimension is more than ______.

When the ratio of effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension does not exceed 12, it is termed as a ______.

The 400 mm × 500 mm square column having both ends fixed has unsupported length 5 m. The column falls under ______ type.

The design ultimate load on the short axially loaded column is computed by which equation?

Why circular column is generally not used?

The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement in an RCC column 400 mm × 400 mm shall not be less than ______.

The maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement in an RCC column 400 mm × 400 mm shall not be less than ______.

According to IS 456–2000, the maximum reinforcement in a column is ______.

The minimum number of longitudinal bars in rectangular column is ______

The minimum number of longitudinal bars in circular column in residential buildings is ______.

The diameter of longitudinal bars in a column should not be less than _____

Spacing between two longitudinal bars should not be more than ______.

Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the RC column shall not exceed ______.

A reinforced concrete column of size 400 mm × 400 mm is having the diameter of longitudinal bar as 20 mm. The pitch of lateral ties in such a case should be ______.

A reinforced concrete column of size 400 mm × 400 mm is having the diameter of longitudinal bar as 12 mm. The pitch of lateral ties in such a case should be ______.

In an RCC column, the longitudinal reinforcement is provided to resist ______.

The clear cover for column having size greater than (200 × 200) mm shall be ______.

The purpose of lateral ties in short reinforced concrete columns is to ______.

The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration:

If the size of panel is 6 m × 6 m, then as per Indian Standards, width of column strips and middle strip ______.

The permissible load in circular column shouldn't exceed the permitted load in ______ if equivalent cross-sectional area.

The reinforced cement concrete column having helical reinforcement, should have bars of longitudinal reinforcement within its helical reinforcement .....

The strength of the column with helical reinforcement shall be ..... times the strength of a similar column with lateral ties.

Which of the following statement is correct?

The self-weight of the footing, is .....

Depth of footing for isolated column is governed by .....

The minimum thickness of edge of footing is .....

As per IS:456-2000 recommendations the thickness of footing edge on soils should not be less than .....

The weight of footings is assumed as ..... of the weight transferred to the column.

Reinforcement on combined footing is placed at .....

In designing rectangular combined footing ..... should be adopted as the design value.

The design of rigid rectangular combined footing consist in determining the .....

In a footing, it is used to assume that the maximum value of transverse bending will occur at a distance, equal to (measured from the face of the column) .....

The critical section for two-way shear of footing is at the .....

A pre-stressed concrete induces artificially ..... stresses in a structure before it is loaded.

The resultant stresses in prestress concrete at any section are obtained by the effect of .....

The necessity of high strength concrete in prestressed concrete is due to .....

For the purposes of the design of reinforced concrete footings, pressure distribution is assumed to be .....

In a pre-stressed concrete member .....

Cube strength of concrete to be used for pre-tensioned and post- tensioned work should not be less than .....

The ultimate strength of the steel used for prestressing is nearly .....

The ultimate moment resisting capacity of a simple supported pre-stressed concreted beam is obtained by using .....

In a pre-stressed concrete structure .....

The soffit of the beam after the transfer of prestress to concrete will be under .....

Which of the following influence the deflections of prestressed concrete members?

The cable for a prestressed concrete simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over the entire span should ideally be .....

The approximate loss of pre stress due to creep in concrete in pre-stressed concrete is about .....

Prestress loss results in .....

Which of the following is an advantage of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts?

When the bolts are subjected to reversal of stresses, the most suitable type of bolt is .....

What is the yield strength of bolt of class 8.8?

Calculate strength in shear of 16mm diameter of bolt of grade 4.6 for lap joint .....

The diameter of a bolt hole is taken as the nominal diameter of the bolt plus .....

Tensile strength of bolt is given by .....

Proof stress for the minimum bolt tension is .....

M16 bolt of property class 8.8 will have an ultimate tensile strength of ..... MPa.

The minimum pitch for M16 bolt of grade 4.6 is .....

The maximum number of bolts of diameter 25 mm that can be accommodated in one row in a 200 mm wide flat are .....

What is the efficiency of joint when the strength of the bolt per pitch length is 60kN and the strength of the plate per pitch length is 150 kN?

High strength bolt is used for .....

In a tension member if one or more than one rivet holes are off the line, the failure of the member depends upon .....

Which of the following relation is correct?

What is the yield strength of a bolt of class 4.6?

As compared to field rivets, the shop rivets are .....

Cold-driven rivets range from .....

If the thickness of the plate to be connected by a rivet is 16 mm, then the suitable size of rivet as per Unwin's formula will be .....

In case of staggered pitch, pitch may be increased by .....

Maximum thickness of fillet weld at rounded edge of thickness t mm of a section is .....

The length of overlap of plates to be fillet welded in lap joint .....