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Information Technology Engineering

Ohm’s law relates voltage and current through the:

The SI unit of electric charge is the:

For three equal resistors R connected in delta, the equivalent star resistance per arm is:

In a parallel circuit, the quantity common to all branches is:

Copper is classified as a:

A non-linear circuit element is one that:

Three 9 Ω resistors connected in delta give an equivalent star resistance per arm of:

Electrical energy is billed commercially in units of:

A circuit element that conducts equally well in both directions is called:

According to KVL, the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is:

Superposition theorem is applicable only to:

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source in series with a:

Norton’s theorem represents a network as a current source in parallel with a:

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the:

In an R-L series circuit, the current:

The phase angle of an R-C series circuit is given by:

At series resonance, the circuit impedance is:

At parallel resonance, the line current drawn from the source is:

The quality factor Q of a series RLC circuit is given by:

Active (real) power in an AC circuit is measured in:

AC voltage is generated based on:

The RMS value of a sinusoidal voltage with peak Vm is:

The average value of a full sine wave over one complete cycle is:

The form factor of a sinusoidal waveform equals:

In a balanced star-connected 3-phase system with phase voltage 230 V, the line voltage is approximately:

In a delta connection, the phase difference between line current and phase current is:

The peak factor (crest factor) of a sine wave is defined as:

The standard power supply frequency used in Nepal is:

Star connection is preferred for long-distance power transmission mainly because it provides:

In a delta-connected system, the relationship between line and phase voltage is:

A semiconductor diode conducts significant current when forward biased beyond:

In reverse bias, a diode ideally allows:

The Common Emitter (CE) BJT configuration is most widely used because it offers:

The Common Collector (CC) configuration, also called an emitter follower, has a voltage gain of approximately:

Voltage-divider (self) bias is preferred in BJT circuits mainly because it provides:

A small-signal model of a transistor is used when:

A MOSFET is fundamentally a:

An enhancement-mode MOSFET has a conducting channel:

CMOS technology is valued in digital ICs primarily for its:

The gate terminal of a MOSFET is characterized by:

The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation requires the loop gain magnitude to be:

An oscillator generates a periodic output using:

RC oscillators (e.g. Wien bridge, phase-shift) are typically used for generating frequencies in the:

LC oscillators such as Hartley and Colpitts are typically used for:

The Hartley oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

The Colpitts oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

Crystal oscillators are preferred where high frequency stability is essential because:

A 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator is commonly used to generate:

A function generator, as a laboratory instrument, is capable of producing:

For sustained (steady-amplitude) oscillation, the total phase shift around the feedback loop must equal:

A Class A amplifier output stage conducts for:

The main drawback of a Class B push-pull amplifier is:

Class AB biasing is used mainly to:

The theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class B amplifier is approximately:

A transformer-coupled push-pull output stage is valued because it:

Power BJTs require careful heat-sinking primarily to avoid:

A tuned amplifier achieves high gain over a narrow frequency band by using:

An ideal operational amplifier is characterized by:

The 'virtual short' concept in op-amp analysis applies when:

A voltage follower (buffer) op-amp configuration provides:

At DC steady state, an inductor behaves as a(n):

At DC steady state, a capacitor behaves as a(n):

The time constant of a series R-L circuit is:

The time constant of a series R-C circuit is:

A transient is considered practically complete after about:

In a series RLC circuit, the damping factor α is given by:

The undamped natural frequency of a series RLC circuit is:

If α > ω₀ in a series RLC circuit, the response is:

A critically damped response occurs when:

During capacitor charging through a resistor from DC source V, the current at t = 0⁺ is:

The roots of the numerator polynomial of a network function are called:

The roots of the denominator polynomial of a network function are called:

For a stable network, all poles of the transfer function must lie in the:

Z-parameters are also known as:

Y-parameters are obtained by:

For a reciprocal two-port network, the Z-parameters satisfy:

ABCD (transmission) parameters are most useful for analyzing networks connected in:

Hybrid (h) parameters are commonly used to model:

When two two-port networks are connected in series, the overall parameters are found by adding:

A one-port network is fully characterized by its driving-point:

A polynomial is called Hurwitz if all its roots lie in the:

A necessary condition for a polynomial to be Hurwitz is that all its coefficients must be:

The driving-point impedance of any passive RLC network must be a:

For a positive real function F(s), Re[F(jω)] must be:

The Foster I form realizes the driving-point impedance as a:

The Foster II form realizes the driving-point admittance as a:

The Cauer I form is obtained by a continued-fraction expansion that removes the pole at:

In an LC driving-point impedance function, the poles and zeros:

For an RC driving-point impedance, the critical frequency nearest the origin is always a:

A network consisting of alternating series and shunt elements along the signal path is called a:

When a cylinder is unrolled (opened in rope form), what shape is formed?

How many transistors does a class B push-pull amplifier use?

In which region does a class B amplifier operate?

Which quantity remains constant (same) throughout a series circuit?

In a star (Y) connected three-phase system, what is the relationship between line voltage (Vₗ) and phase voltage (Vₚₕ)?

What is the primary advantage of CMOS logic technology?

What type of feedback do oscillators use to sustain oscillations?

Which theorem gives the condition for maximum power transfer from a source to a load?

According to Ohm's Law, which relationship is correct?

Three equal resistors in series dissipate 10 W. How much power do they dissipate when connected in parallel (same supply voltage)?

A semiconductor is primarily used for:

Two copper wires of the same length have cross-sectional area ratio 1 : 4. What is the ratio of their resistances (small : large)?

A wire has resistance 40 Ω. Another wire of the same length has 4× the cross-sectional area. What is the resistance of the second wire?

The Superposition Theorem is NOT applicable to which type of circuit analysis?

The current through a capacitor is known as:

A bridge rectifier operating at 50 Hz produces an output of:

An inductor and resistor are connected in series and a DC voltage V is applied. At steady state, what is the current?

Three resistors each of 2 Ω are connected in delta. What is the equivalent resistance between any two terminals?

A 1 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a 3 Ω resistor. What is the equivalent resistance?

What is the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) when the reflection coefficient is 0.8?

A transmission line has Z₀ = 50 Ω and termination impedance Za = 75 Ω. What is the SWR and reflection coefficient?

The binary equivalent of decimal 13 is:

The base (radix) of the hexadecimal number system is:

Which gate is known as a “universal gate”?

The output of an XOR gate is HIGH when:

De Morgan’s theorem states that (A+B)’ equals:

SOP stands for:

A Karnaugh map (K-map) is primarily used to:

A standard Karnaugh map used for simplifying expressions of 4 variables has how many cells?

In a POS expression, individual sum terms are combined by:

NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because:

A multiplexer with 4 select lines can select among how many inputs?

A demultiplexer performs the opposite function of a:

A decoder with n input lines can produce up to how many output lines?

A priority encoder resolves the situation when:

A half adder can add:

A full adder differs from a half adder because it additionally accepts a:

In 2’s complement arithmetic, subtraction is performed by:

The range of an 8-bit signed number in 2’s complement form is:

In sign-magnitude representation, the MSB represents:

The 1’s complement of the binary number 1010 is:

An SR flip-flop has an invalid (undefined) state when:

A gated (clocked) flip-flop responds to its inputs:

An edge-triggered flip-flop changes state:

The master-slave flip-flop configuration is primarily used to:

A shift register that accepts data serially and outputs it in parallel is called:

In an asynchronous (ripple) counter, the flip-flops are triggered by:

Compared to asynchronous counters, synchronous counters are:

A JK flip-flop with J=K=1 at the active clock edge will:

A D flip-flop transfers its D input to the output:

Ring counters and Johnson counters are typical applications built from:

The part of a microprocessor that performs arithmetic and logic operations is the:

The register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed is the:

In assembly language, a mnemonic represents:

The three main buses in a microprocessor system are:

A program that converts assembly language into machine code is called a(n):

The accumulator in a microprocessor is primarily used to:

The address bus in a microprocessor is:

Branch (jump) instructions in assembly language are used to:

The word length of a microprocessor refers to:

Data transfer instructions in assembly language typically move data between:

RAM stands for:

Which memory type retains its content even when power is switched off?

In memory-mapped I/O, peripheral devices are:

The PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) is primarily used for:

In asynchronous serial transmission, each data character is framed with:

RS232 is a standard primarily used for:

USART stands for:

DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows data transfer between memory and I/O:

Compared to RS232, USB offers:

In synchronous serial transmission, timing is coordinated by:

An interrupt is best described as:

A hardware interrupt is typically triggered by:

A non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is characterized by:

An Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is:

The interrupt vector table is used to:

When an interrupt occurs, before jumping to the ISR, the processor must first:

At the end of an ISR, a return-from-interrupt instruction is used to:

Compared to polling, using interrupts is generally more efficient because:

A software interrupt is typically triggered by:

Interrupt priority schemes are needed primarily to:

The unit responsible for generating control signals to coordinate CPU operations is the:

In a microprogrammed control unit, control signals are generated from:

An instruction format typically consists of:

The addressing mode in which the operand value is given directly in the instruction is called:

In indirect addressing, the instruction specifies:

RISC architecture is characterized by:

CISC architecture is characterized by:

Pipelining in a CPU improves performance mainly by:

A pipeline hazard that occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous, unfinished instruction is called a:

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) primarily performs:

How many NOT gates are required to build a 2:1 Multiplexer?

How many 2-input NAND gates are contained in a standard 7400 TTL IC?

In TTL logic, what is the input voltage range for a logic LOW (active LOW level)?

When an invalid BCD code (1010–1111) is detected and auto-corrected, what value is added?

What is the terminal (reset) state of a MOD-10 (decade) counter?

What is the minimum number of flip-flops (memory blocks) required to build a MOD-6 ripple counter?

An SR flip-flop is also called a:

A JK flip-flop with J = 1 and K = 1 is clocked at 20 kHz. What is the output waveform and its frequency?

What is the duty cycle of an ideal astable multivibrator?

Which of the following is NOT a valid operation of flip-flops?

The TRAP interrupt in 8085 microprocessor is:

Small-Scale Integration (SSI) refers to ICs with how many transistors?

In VHDL, a signal that represents a bus (multi-bit connection) is declared as:

In VHDL, the primary design unit that represents a hardware block's interface (ports and generics) is called:

The shadow mask technique is used in:

Left-shifting an unsigned binary number by 1 bit is equivalent to:

The expression x << 3 is equivalent to:

Which logic gate is commonly used for parity checking and overflow detection?

Which loop in C is guaranteed to execute its body at least once?

In C, the printf format specifier to print a floating-point number is:

A recursive function without a base case will cause:

In C, arrays are indexed starting from:

The string "Hello" in C memory is stored as:

Which of the following is NOT a valid looping construct in C?

C passes function arguments by value, which means the function receives:

The switch statement in C works with which data types?

In a 2D array a[3][4], how many total elements are stored?

The C function strcpy() is used to:

Which operator in C retrieves the memory address of a variable?

How does a C structure differ from a union?

Passing a pointer to a function in C allows the function to:

The expression a[i] in C is equivalent to:

To open a file for reading in C, the fopen() mode string is:

The size of a union is determined by:

Which C function is used to move to a specific position in a file for random access?

To access a structure member through a pointer in C, you use:

If int *p and sizeof(int) is 4 bytes, then p+1 points to the address:

Which declaration correctly defines a pointer to an integer in C?

Which OOP principle hides implementation details and exposes only the essential interface?

A constructor in C++ is automatically called:

Which access specifier makes a member accessible from anywhere in the program?

Inheritance in OOP represents which type of relationship?

The this pointer in a C++ member function refers to:

A static data member in a C++ class is:

The destructor in C++ is called automatically when:

Polymorphism in OOP means:

The JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is responsible for:

A friend function in C++ has which special privilege?

Which email protocol is used to SEND outgoing email?

HTTPS provides security over HTTP by:

JavaScript code in a web application executes on the:

PHP is classified as a:

The DOM (Document Object Model) is used by JavaScript to:

IMAP is preferred over POP3 for email because IMAP:

Which HTTP method is used to submit form data to a web server?

A PHP session stores user data on the:

In web development, CRUD stands for:

A Content Management System (CMS) like WordPress is used to:

A virtual function in C++ enables:

An abstract class in C++ is one that:

A pure virtual function in C++ is declared as:

To open a C++ file stream for APPENDING data, which mode flag is used?

Which C++ stream class is used specifically to READ from a file?

Can an abstract class in C++ be directly instantiated?

The <iomanip> manipulator setprecision(2) in C++ controls:

The vtable (virtual table) in C++ stores:

In C++, to write a binary object directly to a file, you use:

In the C++ stream class hierarchy, which class is the ultimate base for all streams?

The primary benefit of function templates in C++ is:

In C++ exception handling, the keyword used to signal an error is:

In the STL, iterators serve as the bridge between:

The catch(...) syntax in C++ catches:

A class template in C++ enables you to:

Inside a catch block, a bare throw; statement (no argument):

Which of the following is an STL container?

When a thrown exception has no matching catch block anywhere in the call stack, C++ calls:

Multiple catch blocks after a single try block allow you to:

The STL algorithm sort() belongs to which STL component?

The CIA triad in information security stands for:

Which type of IS control detects incidents after or during they occur?

Authentication and authorization differ in that:

Multi-factor authentication requires at least:

Which protocol is the current standard for encrypting web traffic?

A Certificate Authority (CA) is responsible for:

An IS Audit primarily evaluates:

Which risk response strategy involves purchasing insurance?

Which hash function produces a 256-bit digest and is widely used for data integrity?

Confidentiality in the CIA triad means:

Which enterprise system integrates internal processes like finance, HR, and manufacturing?

OLAP is optimized for:

According to Inmon's definition, a Data Warehouse is NOT:

Data Mining is best described as:

Tacit knowledge differs from explicit knowledge in that tacit knowledge is:

SCM manages the flow from:

A Decision Support System (DSS) is designed to support:

CRM systems primarily focus on:

Which property of a Data Warehouse means data is organized around major subjects like 'Sales' or 'Inventory'?

OLTP is characterized by:

The Balanced Scorecard has how many perspectives?

In cloud computing, SaaS refers to:

In MapReduce, the Reduce phase:

Hadoop's HDFS stores data with a default replication factor of:

Collaborative filtering recommends items based on:

Which cloud service model gives the user the most control over the infrastructure?

The 'V' in Big Data that refers to the speed of data generation is:

In SDLC, which model follows a strictly sequential phase-by-phase approach?

A private cloud deployment is best described as:

Content-based filtering recommends items based on:

In A* search, the evaluation function f(n) is:

A* search is guaranteed to find the optimal solution when the heuristic is:

Alpha-Beta pruning improves Minimax by:

Which type of machine learning uses labeled training data?

A model that performs well on training data but poorly on new data is said to be:

kNN is called a 'lazy learner' because:

An intelligent agent's actuators are responsible for:

Reinforcement learning differs from supervised learning in that:

Which search algorithm is complete and optimal for unit step costs?

In the Minimax algorithm, the MAX player always:

A single-layer perceptron cannot solve which of the following problems?

Backpropagation computes gradients using:

Which activation function is most commonly used in hidden layers of deep networks due to its resistance to the vanishing gradient problem?

A Bayesian Network is represented as:

In a Genetic Algorithm, crossover is used to:

Hidden Markov Models are used in speech recognition because:

The vanishing gradient problem in deep networks is primarily caused by:

Softmax activation is typically used in the output layer for:

A Markov Network differs from a Bayesian Network in that it uses:

In a Genetic Algorithm, the fitness function is used to:

The inference engine of an expert system:

Forward chaining in an expert system is called data-driven because:

MYCIN is an expert system designed for:

In Ant Colony Optimization, pheromone trails serve to:

In Particle Swarm Optimization, each particle's velocity is influenced by:

Fuzzy logic differs from classical Boolean logic in that:

Backward chaining in an expert system starts with:

The explanation facility in an expert system is responsible for:

Swarm intelligence algorithms are characterized by:

The knowledge acquisition bottleneck in expert systems refers to:

Which feature of IPv6 is NOT supported (unlike IPv4)?

What is the maximum length of a hostname?

Which OSI layer is responsible for process-to-process (end-to-end) communication?

Which cable type is used to directly connect two routers without a switch?

In hierarchical routing, each autonomous domain (cluster) is called a:

FTP uses how many TCP connections?

Heavy network traffic that slows down response time is called:

The default port number for HTTP is:

Which protocol is used for sending email from a client to a mail server?

What is the loopback address in IPv4?

What is the network address of 192.10.16.32 with subnet mask /25?

What is the Network ID of 203.17.10.7 with a /24 subnet mask?

Which function is NOT performed at the Transport Layer?

CDMA technology allows multiple users to:

A packet filter firewall operates at which OSI layer?

The most time-critical real-time network application is:

A proxy server is implemented at which OSI layer?

The correct order of network types from smallest to largest geographic scope is:

The RIP routing protocol uses which metric to determine the best path?

In RIP, a hop count of 16 means:

The IEEE standard for Ethernet is:

Distance vector routing protocols use which algorithm to compute shortest paths?

10Base5 Ethernet supports a maximum segment length of:

A typical LAN covers a geographic scope of up to:

The OSI model has how many layers?

A network switch operates at which OSI layer?

ARP is used to resolve:

CSMA/CA is used instead of CSMA/CD in wireless networks because:

IEEE 802.11 defines which wireless standard?

A hub differs from a switch in that a hub:

A MAC address is:

The TCP/IP model combines OSI layers into how many layers?

CRC in an Ethernet frame is used for:

In CSMA/CD, when a collision is detected, the station:

IPv6 addresses are how many bits long?

Which IP address class has a first octet range of 128–191?

RIP's maximum hop count before a route is considered unreachable is:

TCP differs from UDP in that TCP:

The TCP 3-way handshake sequence is:

OSPF uses which algorithm to compute shortest paths?

The loopback address 127.0.0.1 is used to:

A socket is identified by:

ICMP is primarily used for: