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Geomatic Engineering

The principle 'work from the whole to the part' is followed in surveying mainly to:

Plane surveying is generally considered suitable for areas up to about:

On a map of scale 1:1 000, one square centimetre represents a ground area of:

A map of scale 1:250 000 is described as a:

The fore bearing of a line is 48° 30′. Its back bearing, free from local attraction, is:

A prismatic compass reads bearings:

One radian is equal to approximately:

The number of grads in a full circle is:

One ropani is equal to:

One bigha is equal to:

The length of Gunter's chain is:

A graphical (bar) scale drawn on a map is useful because it:

The angle between true north and magnetic north at a place is called the:

Invar tapes are used for precise base-line measurement because invar has a very low:

The correction for sag of a suspended tape is:

If a 20 m chain is found to be 20.05 m long, the distance measured with it will be:

The correction for reducing a measured length to mean sea level is:

The temperature correction to a taped length is positive when:

The plane-table method used to fix an inaccessible point by drawing rays from two stations is:

Lehmann's rules are used in plane tabling for solving the:

In a prismatic compass, the graduated card is attached to the:

Local attraction at a station is detected when the difference between the fore bearing and back bearing of a line is:

The least count of a vernier theodolite whose main scale division is 20′ and which has 60 vernier divisions is:

Taking observations on both faces of a theodolite eliminates:

The method of repetition in theodolite work is used mainly to:

In stadia tacheometry with a horizontal sight, a staff intercept of 0.85 m with K = 100 and C = 0 gives a distance of:

In triangulation, the lengths of the sides are computed from:

The strongest figure used in triangulation is the:

A well-conditioned triangle in triangulation has angles:

In the strength-of-figure computation, a smaller value of R means the figure is:

In trilateration:

The sum of the interior angles of a closed traverse with 6 stations should be:

The algebraic sum of the deflection angles of a closed traverse is:

The latitude of a traverse line of length 100 m with a whole-circle bearing of 60° is:

The closing error of a closed traverse is computed as:

According to Bowditch's rule, the correction to the latitude of a traverse line is proportional to:

The transit rule of traverse adjustment is preferred when:

A traverse that starts and ends on two different known control points is called a:

The clearance required for intervisibility between two triangulation stations 20 km apart, allowing for curvature and refraction, is about:

The reading taken on a point of known elevation immediately after setting up the level is the:

In the height-of-instrument method of reduction, the arithmetic check is:

The rise-and-fall method of reduction is preferred to the height-of-instrument method because it:

The combined correction for curvature and refraction for a sight distance of 1 km is about:

The effect of the earth's curvature on a staff reading is to make it:

Keeping the back-sight and fore-sight distances equal eliminates the errors due to:

Reciprocal levelling is used when:

The two-peg test is carried out to check the:

Parallax in a levelling telescope is eliminated by:

An automatic (self-levelling) level maintains a horizontal line of sight by means of a:

In trigonometric levelling, the difference of elevation for a horizontal distance D and vertical angle θ is:

The permissible closing error in first-order precise levelling is of the order of:

A point on which both a fore sight and a back sight are taken is called a:

A contour is a line joining points of equal:

Contours that are closely spaced on a map indicate:

Two contour lines can cross each other only in the case of:

The V-shaped contours in a valley point:

A closed contour with lower values inside represents a:

The contour interval for a map of hilly terrain at small scale is generally:

In the direct method of contouring:

Contouring by taking levels at the corners of a grid of squares is an example of:

Intervisibility between two points can be checked from:

Permanent station marks in a topographic survey are established during:

The most common method of picking up detail in modern topographic surveys is:

Standard topographic map series of Nepal are published at scales of:

The horizontal distance between two successive contours is called the:

The difference between an observed value and the most probable value is called the:

Errors that always have the same sign and follow a definite law are:

Random (accidental) errors are treated by:

A survey that is precise but not accurate suffers mainly from:

If the standard deviation of a single observation is 10 mm, the standard error of the mean of 25 such observations is:

The probable error of a single observation is equal to:

In levelling, the weight of an observed height difference is usually taken as inversely proportional to:

Two independent distances each with a standard error of 3 mm are added. The standard error of the sum is:

The principle of least squares requires that:

The redundancy of an adjustment with 12 observations and 5 unknown parameters is:

In the method of observation equations, the normal equations are:

Adjusting the observed angles of a triangle so that their sum is exactly 180° is an example of the:

Non-linear observation equations in a least-squares adjustment are handled by:

Photogrammetry is best defined as obtaining reliable information about objects by:

A photograph is a:

The condition that the image point, the perspective centre and the object point lie on one straight line is called:

Three-dimensional information is obtained in photogrammetry from:

Close-range photogrammetry with the camera on the ground is called:

Photogrammetry that deals with identification of objects rather than measurement is called:

The 'father of photogrammetry' is considered to be:

The analytical plotter, which linked a computer to the measuring system, was introduced by:

Which of the following is an advantage of photogrammetric mapping?

A serious limitation of aerial photogrammetry is that:

Structure from motion (SfM) is associated mainly with:

Photogrammetric measurement of stockpile or quarry volumes is an example of:

In Nepal, UAV photogrammetric flights additionally require:

An aerial photograph is classified as vertical when the tilt of the camera axis is less than about:

A high oblique aerial photograph is one in which:

The scale of a vertical photograph taken with f = 150 mm from a height of 1 500 m above the ground is:

The scale of a single vertical photograph over undulating ground:

The usual forward (end) overlap in aerial photography for mapping is:

Relief displacement on a vertical photograph is radial from the:

The relief displacement of a point is given by:

Removing y-parallax from a stereo pair is the purpose of:

Absolute orientation of a stereo model involves:

The number of elements of exterior orientation of a photograph is:

Aerial triangulation is carried out mainly to:

An orthophoto differs from a rectified photograph because it also removes:

Marking ground control points with targets before the photographic flight is called:

The average eye base (interpupillary distance) of an adult is about:

Stereoscopic depth perception is possible because the two eyes:

Reversed relief, in which hills appear as valleys, is called:

Anaglyph viewing of a stereo model uses:

The x-parallax of a point on a stereo pair:

The presence of y-parallax in a stereo model indicates:

The instrument used with a mirror stereoscope to measure parallax differences is the:

For a vertical stereo pair, the height of a point is given by:

Vertical exaggeration in a stereo model means that:

In digital photogrammetry, image pyramids are used to:

Area-based image matching typically fails on:

SIFT, Harris and Förstner operators are used in:

The epipolar constraint is useful in image matching because it:

Remote sensing is defined as acquiring information about an object:

The first civilian earth-resources satellite, launched in 1972, was:

The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between:

Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to:

Clouds appear white in optical imagery because of:

Wavelength regions in which the atmosphere transmits radiation well are called:

Healthy green vegetation shows very high reflectance in the:

Clear water bodies are easiest to delineate using the:

NDVI is computed as:

A sensor that supplies its own energy, such as radar, is called:

Meteorological satellites that remain over the same point on the equator are in a:

The number of brightness levels that a sensor can record is its:

A sensor recording hundreds of narrow contiguous bands is called:

Dark-object subtraction is a simple method of:

Which resampling method preserves the original digital numbers of an image?

Geometric correction of a satellite image using ground control points requires the RMSE to be, typically:

Ortho-rectification differs from simple geometric correction because it also removes:

Histogram equalisation is used to:

A median filter is most useful for removing:

High-pass filtering of an image enhances:

In a standard false-colour composite, healthy vegetation appears:

Principal component analysis of a multispectral image is used mainly to:

K-means and ISODATA are algorithms of:

The most commonly used statistical decision rule in supervised classification is:

In an error matrix, the user's accuracy of a class is related to the error of:

The kappa coefficient of a classification measures:

A digital surface model (DSM) represents:

Subtracting a DTM from a DSM gives:

The advantage of a TIN over a regular grid DEM is that it:

Airborne LiDAR can produce a bare-earth DTM under forest because:

The typical vertical accuracy of airborne LiDAR is of the order of:

The horizontal accuracy achievable by UAV photogrammetry with good ground control is usually about:

Radar remote sensing is valuable in the monsoon season because it:

In SAR imagery, steep slopes facing the sensor that appear compressed exhibit:

Speckle in radar images is:

Radar backscatter from a smooth water surface is:

InSAR generates a DEM from:

Differential InSAR (DInSAR) is used mainly to measure:

A true orthophoto differs from an ordinary orthophoto because it:

The geoid is best defined as:

The surface used for the mathematical computation of geodetic positions is the:

The flattening of the WGS84 ellipsoid is approximately:

The height obtained directly from GNSS observations is:

The relation between ellipsoidal height h, orthometric height H and geoid undulation N is:

The angle between the plumb line and the ellipsoidal normal at a point is called the:

The meridian component of the deflection of the vertical is given by:

The Laplace condition relates the astronomical and geodetic azimuths by:

Orthometric height is measured from the:

The geoid undulation over the earth varies roughly within:

Geocentric Cartesian (ECEF) coordinates have their origin at the:

Satellite geodesy includes techniques such as:

The deflection of the vertical is largest:

The flattening of an ellipsoid is defined as:

The first eccentricity squared of an ellipsoid is related to the flattening by:

The radius of curvature in the prime vertical N compared with that in the meridian M is:

The radius of the parallel of latitude φ on an ellipsoid is:

A short arc along a meridian is given by:

The length of one degree of longitude at the equator is approximately:

The classical ellipsoid used for the geodetic system of Nepal and India is:

The shortest line between two points on the ellipsoid is called the:

The two reciprocal normal sections between two points differ because:

Computing the coordinates of a second point from a known point, an azimuth and a distance on the ellipsoid is called the:

Vincenty's formulae are used for:

A local (non-geocentric) ellipsoid is selected so that it:

GRS80 and WGS84 differ mainly in their:

A geodetic datum is defined by:

ITRF2014 is an example of a:

Coordinates in ITRF are always quoted with an epoch because:

A seven-parameter Helmert transformation consists of:

A rotation matrix used in coordinate transformation has a determinant of:

A reflection matrix is required when:

A projection that preserves angles and the shape of small features is called:

The width of each UTM zone is:

The scale factor at the central meridian of a UTM zone is:

The false easting assigned to the central meridian in UTM is:

Nepal's Modified UTM (MUTM) uses zones of width:

The ellipsoid used with Nepal's classical MUTM system is:

The angle between grid north and true north at a point is called the:

Gravity at a point on the earth is the resultant of:

The value of gravity is greatest:

One milligal (mGal) equals:

Level surfaces of the earth's gravity field are:

A plumb line is:

Normal gravity is the gravity of:

The free-air correction to observed gravity is about:

The Bouguer correction accounts for the:

The terrain correction applied to gravity observations is:

Bruns' formula relates the geoid undulation to the:

Stokes' integral is used to compute the:

A good national geoid model is important because it allows:

Isostatic gravity anomalies are close to zero where:

Outside the attracting masses, the gravitational potential satisfies:

The earth's external gravity field is conveniently represented by a series of:

Spherical harmonics with order m = 0 are called:

The coefficient C̄₂₀ of the spherical harmonic expansion is closely related to the earth's:

Clairaut's theorem allows the determination of the earth's flattening from:

A free-fall (ballistic) instrument that determines the value of g directly is an:

A spring-type LaCoste-Romberg or Scintrex instrument measures:

Readings of a relative gravimeter are repeated at a base station during a survey in order to:

The GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite missions are used mainly to observe:

In the Airy-Heiskanen model of isostasy:

The isostatic gravity anomaly in a region that is fully compensated is:

Complete Bouguer anomalies over high mountain ranges are typically:

The crustal root beneath the Himalaya is of the order of:

The obliquity of the ecliptic is approximately:

The point where the sun crosses the celestial equator moving northwards is the:

Which pair of celestial coordinates is independent of both the observer's position and time?

In the astronomical (PZS) triangle, the side from the pole to the star is:

Napier's rules of circular parts apply to:

The length of a sidereal day is:

The local sidereal time is equal to the:

The difference between apparent solar time and mean solar time is called the:

UTC differs from TAI and from GPS time because UTC:

Nepal standard time is based on the meridian:

The slow conical motion of the earth's axis with a period of about 26 000 years is called:

The Chandler wobble, with a period of about 435 days, is a component of:

Atmospheric refraction makes a celestial body appear:

A cadastre is best described as:

The basic unit of a cadastre is the:

Which of the following is NOT a component of a cadastral system?

The modern parcel-based cadastre originated with the:

In Nepal, the ownership certificate issued to a land owner is called the:

The parcel number used in Nepali cadastral records is known as the:

Transfer of ownership recorded in Nepali land records after a sale or inheritance is called:

Cadastral survey and mapping in Nepal is carried out by the:

A general boundary, as opposed to a fixed boundary, is one that:

The international standard data model for land administration is:

Fit-for-purpose land administration emphasises: quickly

Public display of the cadastral map and field book with a hearing of objections is carried out:

A typical scale for cadastral mapping in dense urban areas is:

Land administration is defined as the processes of recording and disseminating information about:

Which of the following is NOT one of the four functions of land administration?

The main objective of land reform is to:

The Land Act of Nepal that introduced ceilings on land holdings and tenancy rights was enacted in:

The Birta system in Nepal was:

Dual ownership in Nepali land reform refers to the situation where:

Land is considered a good base for taxation mainly because it is:

The tax paid at the time of registering the transfer of a land parcel is the:

A common practical problem of land taxation in developing countries is:

Informal land markets arise mainly where:

Which factor most strongly influences the price of urban land?

Conversion of agricultural land into residential plots on the fringes of Kathmandu is mainly driven by:

A well-functioning formal land market requires above all:

Land tenure refers to:

Guthi land in Nepal is:

The communal tenure historically held by certain ethnic communities in Nepal, later converted to Raikar, was:

Registered tenancy rights in Nepali land law are known as:

Tenure security is important mainly because it:

In a deed registration system, what is recorded is:

The Torrens system is an example of:

The 'mirror principle' of title registration means that the register:

The 'curtain principle' implies that a purchaser:

Compensation to a person who suffers loss because the register was wrong is provided under the:

A major demerit of title registration is that it:

In Nepal, transactions in land are registered at the:

The greatest practical danger to any land registration system is that:

A land information system differs from a general GIS mainly because it is:

The most valuable and expensive component of a land information system is usually the:

The element that links spatial and attribute records in an LIS is the:

Which of the following is a measure of data quality in an LIS?

Information describing the content, quality and lineage of a dataset is called:

Converting existing paper cadastral sheets into the LIS involves:

Maintenance of an LIS should be:

An LIS that is not regularly updated:

Which stakeholder uses land information mainly to assess collateral?

Online search of parcel information and application for mutation are examples of:

A policy issue in disseminating land information is the balance between:

A pilot project is normally carried out before full LIS implementation in order to:

The major institutional challenge for land records in Nepal is:

The difference between land cover and land use is that land use describes:

Land use planning is best described as:

The Act that requires classification of land into land use zones in Nepal is the:

Land consolidation is mainly applied to:

In land pooling (land readjustment), the land owners:

A major advantage of land pooling over compulsory acquisition is that it:

The FAO Voluntary Guidelines (VGGT) of 2012 deal with:

Which is the commonest cause of land disputes between neighbours?

The preferred first approach to resolving a land conflict is usually:

The most widely used method of valuing residential land is the:

The income capitalisation method computes value as:

Mass appraisal (CAMA) is used mainly for:

Compensation for land acquired for a public purpose in Nepal is determined under the:

The legal basis for cadastral survey in Nepal is the:

Ceilings on land holdings and tenancy rights are provided by the:

Registration of land transactions and collection of land revenue are governed by the:

Acquisition of private land for a public purpose with compensation is governed by the:

Restrictions on plotting agricultural land and on changing land use are contained in the:

Management and protection of trust land in Nepal comes under the:

The right to property in Nepal is guaranteed by the:

Damaging or removing a cadastral boundary mark is:

Public display of the cadastral records and an objection period are required because they:

Property tax and building permits in Nepal are mainly the responsibility of:

The umbrella policy dealing with tenure security, land records modernisation and the landless is the:

A land development project may additionally require:

When quoting provisions of Nepali land law in practice, an engineer should:

The minimum number of satellites required for a three-dimensional GNSS position fix is:

The measured distance to a GNSS satellite is called a pseudorange because it contains:

The orbital altitude of GPS satellites is approximately:

The reference system used by GPS is:

Which system is a satellite-based augmentation system serving the South Asian region?

The measurement noise of the carrier-phase observable is of the order of:

The main difficulty in using the carrier phase observable is:

The ionospheric effect on the GPS signal:

Doppler observations in GNSS are used mainly to determine:

GNSS signals are transmitted with:

A choke-ring antenna is used mainly to:

The point to which GNSS measurements physically refer on the antenna is the:

The standard format for exchanging raw GNSS observations for post-processing is:

In single-point positioning, the unknowns solved for are:

Typical accuracy of single-point (autonomous) code positioning is:

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) achieves centimetre accuracy with one receiver by using:

In relative positioning, the quantity determined directly is the:

Differencing between two receivers observing the same satellite eliminates the:

The accuracy specification '5 mm + 1 ppm' means that the error grows with:

The six Keplerian elements describing a satellite orbit include:

The largest perturbation of a GNSS satellite orbit is caused by:

The accuracy of the broadcast ephemeris is of the order of:

Precise IGS orbits are distributed in which format?

The almanac transmitted by GNSS satellites is used mainly for:

Converting a GNSS ellipsoidal height into an orthometric height requires a:

Precise GNSS coordinates must be quoted with an epoch because:

The GPS L1 carrier frequency is:

The chipping rate of the GPS C/A code is:

The GPS navigation message is transmitted at a rate of:

Double differencing of carrier-phase observations eliminates:

Triple differencing is mainly useful for:

The ionosphere-free linear combination of L1 and L2:

The wide-lane combination is used because its long wavelength (≈ 86 cm):

Carrier smoothing of the code (Hatch filter) is used to:

The tropospheric delay in GNSS:

The zenith hydrostatic (dry) tropospheric delay is approximately:

Multipath error in GNSS:

The ionospheric delay is proportional to:

Selective Availability, the deliberate degradation of GPS accuracy, was switched off in:

Dilution of precision (DOP) in GNSS describes the effect of:

A low value of PDOP indicates that the satellites are:

Which PDOP value would be regarded as good for a survey?

VDOP is generally larger than HDOP because:

The relation between the DOP values is:

An elevation mask of 10°–15° is applied in GNSS surveys to:

Mission planning for a GNSS survey is carried out using:

The antenna height in a GNSS survey should be:

A 'float' solution in RTK or baseline processing means that:

Repeat observation of a baseline in a different session is done mainly to:

Loop misclosures of independent baselines are used to:

A GNSS control network is finally processed by: