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Environmental Engineering

The general mass balance equation for a control volume is

A conservative substance in an environmental system is one that

Which of the following is a non-conservative substance?

A system is said to be at steady state when

A stream of 2 m³/s carrying 10 mg/L of a conservative substance joins a stream of 3 m³/s carrying 5 mg/L. The mixed concentration is

For a substance decaying by first-order kinetics with rate constant k, the half-life is

In an ecosystem, the approximate proportion of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next is

Biomagnification refers to

In the nitrogen cycle, the process that converts ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate is

Denitrification in a wastewater treatment plant requires

The phosphorus cycle differs from the carbon and nitrogen cycles principally in that it

For a dilute aqueous solution, a concentration of 1 mg/L is equivalent to

The first step in analysing any environmental mass balance problem should be to

The purpose of environmental screening is to

Environmental scoping is carried out in order to

In Nepal, the level of environmental assessment required for a proposal is determined principally by

The terms of reference for an EIA study must normally be

The baseline study in an EIA is important because

Cumulative impacts in an environmental assessment refer to

The correct order of the mitigation hierarchy is

In the analysis of alternatives within an EIA, the 'no action' alternative

The Environmental Management Plan in an EIA report specifies

The essential difference between environmental monitoring and environmental auditing is that monitoring is performance against criteria

Post-project environmental auditing is valuable principally because it

Which of the following is legally enforceable?

An emission standard differs from an ambient standard in that an emission standard

The principle of working from the whole to the part in surveying is followed in order to

Systematic errors in surveying are

In differential levelling, the height of instrument is obtained by

The rise and fall method of reducing levels is preferred to the height of instrument method when

The fore bearing and back bearing of a survey line should differ by

Bowditch's rule for adjusting a closed traverse distributes the closing error

Contour lines on a topographic map can cross one another only in the case of

Closely spaced contour lines on a map indicate

Where a contour line crosses a valley, it forms a V that points

A smaller contour interval would normally be chosen for

The essential difference between a hydrographic survey and a land survey is that in a hydrographic survey

An echo sounder determines water depth by measuring

In stream gauging with a current meter, the mean velocity in a vertical is commonly taken as the velocity at

Sustainable development, as defined in the Brundtland report, means development that needs

Life cycle assessment is described as cradle to grave because it considers impacts

The four stages of a life cycle assessment, in order, are

The functional unit in a life cycle assessment is

Environmental risk is best described as a function of

In health risk assessment, carcinogens are conventionally treated as having

A hazard quotient greater than 1 in a risk assessment indicates that

Risk assessment and risk management are kept as separate activities because

People generally tolerate a voluntary, familiar risk far more readily than an involuntary one of the same numerical magnitude because

Certification of an organisation to ISO 14001 indicates that

Cleaner production differs fundamentally from end-of-pipe treatment in that cleaner production

Among cleaner production techniques, the measure that typically yields substantial savings at almost no capital cost is

The statement that quality cannot be inspected into a product means that

The essential difference between estimating and costing is that estimating afterwards

A cube rate estimate is generally more accurate than a plinth area estimate because it

A supplementary estimate is prepared when

In the centre line method of estimating masonry, a deduction must be made

Rate analysis for an item of work is required principally in order to

In rate analysis, the contractor's overhead and profit is usually taken as

The terms lead and lift in estimating refer respectively to

A specification is necessary in addition to the drawings because the drawings cannot convey

In a performance specification, as distinct from a prescriptive specification

The scrap value of a building is

At the end of an asset's useful life, its book value is equal to

Depreciation differs from obsolescence in that depreciation is the loss of value due to available

If the net annual income from a property is Rs 200,000 and the expected rate of return is 8 per cent, the capitalised value is approximately

The five components of a geographic information system are

A map at a scale of 1:1,000 compared with one at 1:1,000,000 is

Every map projection necessarily

For calculating the areas of land cover classes in a catchment, the appropriate projection is

Two GIS layers referenced to different datums will

Which data model is most appropriate for representing land elevation across a catchment?

If the cell size of a raster layer is halved, the file size will approximately

Topology in a vector GIS records

The GIS operation used to define a protection zone of specified width around a river is

Metadata in a GIS refers to

Radar and lidar are classified as active remote sensing systems because they

Healthy green vegetation is readily identified in satellite imagery because it

In supervised image classification, the analyst

An ideal fluid, as a theoretical idealization, is characterized by:

A Newtonian fluid is defined by:

Specific weight (γ) of a fluid is related to mass density (ρ) by:

Kinematic viscosity (ν) is related to dynamic viscosity (μ) by:

Capillarity (capillary rise/depression) in a narrow tube results from:

Surface tension causes a liquid surface to behave like:

Cavitation occurs when local fluid pressure drops to or below:

A key damaging effect of cavitation on hydraulic machinery is:

Compressibility of a fluid is related to its bulk modulus of elasticity such that:

Specific gravity of a liquid is defined relative to which reference fluid?

Pascal's law states that pressure applied to an enclosed, incompressible fluid is:

The pressure-depth relationship in a static fluid of constant density is given by:

A U-tube manometer, compared to a simple piezometer tube, is generally used to measure:

The total pressure force on a submerged plane surface is calculated as:

The centre of pressure on an inclined/vertical submerged plane surface is located:

For a curved submerged surface, the vertical component of the resultant pressure force equals:

Archimedes' principle states that a submerged/floating body experiences a buoyant force equal to:

A floating body is considered stable when:

For a fully submerged body such as a submarine, stability depends on:

A pressure diagram for a submerged surface of constant depth-based linear pressure variation is typically:

Steady flow is characterized by:

Laminar flow is generally associated with:

The continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow through a pipe is expressed as:

The momentum equation, derived from Newton's second law, is primarily used to determine:

Bernoulli's equation, in its standard form along a streamline, states that which sum is constant?

Bernoulli's equation is derived under which key assumptions?

A venturi meter measures flow rate by relating flow to:

Compared to a venturi meter, an orifice meter generally causes:

A pitot tube measures local flow velocity based on:

Irrotational flow is defined as flow in which fluid particles:

The Reynolds number for pipe flow is calculated as:

Major (friction) head loss in a pipe is calculated using:

Minor (local) head losses at fittings, bends, and valves are generally expressed as:

The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) represents:

The Total Energy Line (TEL), compared to the HGL, is:

The Hardy Cross method is used to solve:

Water hammer in a pipe system is triggered by:

Unmitigated water hammer pressure surges can potentially cause:

Which of the following is a relief device used to mitigate water hammer effects?

Pipe design generally balances:

Hydraulic radius of an open channel section is defined as:

The Froude number for open channel flow is defined as:

Subcritical open channel flow (Fr < 1) is characterized by:

Specific energy in open channel flow is defined as:

For a given specific energy above the minimum, an open channel flow section generally has:

A hydraulic jump is best described as:

The depths before and after a hydraulic jump (sequent depths) are related using:

Gradually varied flow (GVF) profiles, such as M1/M2/M3, are classified based on:

A mobile boundary (alluvial) channel is characterized by:

The Shield diagram is used to assess:

The hydrologic cycle describes:

A water balance equation for a catchment generally accounts for:

A rating curve at a gauging station relates:

On a typical flood hydrograph, the rising limb, peak, and falling limb represent:

A unit hydrograph represents the direct runoff hydrograph resulting from:

A synthetic unit hydrograph is used when:

Flood frequency analysis typically involves fitting a probability distribution such as Gumbel or Log-Pearson Type III to:

The design flood for a hydraulic structure such as a spillway or bridge is determined based on:

Groundwater flow through an aquifer is fundamentally governed by:

A 'cone of depression' in groundwater hydrology refers to:

Two pipes, each of diameter d, converge to form a pipe of diameter D. What should be the relation between d and D so that flow velocity in the third pipe becomes double the velocity in each of the two pipes?

When pipes of the same material are connected in parallel, the total loss of head:

When three pipes are connected in series, which statement is true?

. Moody's diagram for estimating head loss was originally developed for:

The Moody's chart is a logarithmic chart plotted against Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and:

In the Moody diagram, ε/D is a parameter. What is represented by it?

For a fluid flow in a hydrodynamically smooth pipe, friction factor depends on:

The boundary is known as hydrodynamically smooth if ε/D ratio is:

The knocking sound in the pipe is due to:

The magnitude of water hammer depends upon:

The maximum vacuum created at the summit of the siphon pipe is equal to:

Which parameter determines the efficiency of a channel?

For the most economical channel section, which parameter should be minimum?

For a most economical rectangular channel of depth y and width B:

For a rectangular channel with the given dimensions, bed slope and Manning coefficient, the discharge is:

The discharge through a rectangular channel is maximum when:

Hydraulic radius of a wide rectangular channel is approximately:

Hydraulic radius of the most economical triangular channel:

The most economical and efficient section is:

For a hydraulically efficient trapezoidal section, hydraulic radius is:

In the most economical trapezoidal section, top width is:

Discharge through a trapezoidal channel is maximum when:

Hydraulic radius for the most economical trapezoidal section is:

At the vertex of a channel, the water level at the centre is:

Depth of flow changes over a short length of channel. It is:

Depth changes along the channel but does not change with time. This is:

A steady uniform flow occurs through:

Which is NOT a condition for uniform flow?

Open-channel flow becomes transitional when Reynolds number is:

For open-channel flow, the range around Re = 500–2000 is commonly treated as transitional.

Hydraulic gradient line for open-channel flow is:

Hydraulic gradient is equal to:

Condition for critical flow is:

In critical flow, velocity head is:

Find critical depth of a rectangular channel having width 3 m and discharge 15 m³/s.

Maximum velocity in an open channel occurs:

If water depth is less than critical depth, flow is:

When depth is greater than critical depth, velocity is:

Chezy's formula is used to determine:

For the same specific force, the two depths are called:

Alternate depths in open-channel flow are associated with:

The depth at which specific energy is minimum is called:

. A rectangular channel has width 5 m, discharge 10 m³/s and depth 2 m. Specific energy is:

In a specific-energy curve, the plot of pressure head is:

Specific-energy curve is a graph of ______ versus specific energy:

Specific energy for the most economical trapezoidal channel in the given problem is:

Which statement about specific energy is correct?

Energy per unit weight of water measured with respect to datum is:

Channel depth = 1.2 m and specific energy = 1.24 m. Find velocity.

Alternate depths have:

At critical depth, discharge is:

At critical depth, specific energy is:

Formula for sequent depth in a rectangular channel:

Sequent-depth ratio is 16.48. Find Froude number of supercritical stream

Sequent depth ratio = 16.48. Approximate Froude number

Sequent depths in a hydraulic jump are 0.25 m and 1.25 m. Energy loss:

For a given discharge, two depths having the same specific energy are:

For subcritical flow in an open channel, the most important control section for gradually varied flow profile is:

Rising water profile on the upstream side of a dam is called

Hydraulic jump can occur:

Hydraulic jump is a:

Rise of water level transforming unstable supercritical flow to stable subcritical flow is:

Hydraulic jump is classified based on:

For rectangular channels, hydraulic-jump length is approximately:

Oscillating hydraulic jump occurs when Froude number is:

Hydraulic jump is considered steady when:

Hydraulic jump for Froude number greater than 5.5 is:

Height of hydraulic jump in rapidly varied flow is:

Height of hydraulic jump is ______ of conjugate depth.

Froude number of a triangular channel with side slope 2H:1V is:

Critical-flow condition is:

Water cushion is used to:

If channel-bottom slope is greater than critical slope, it is:

A non-sustaining channel is one whose slope:

Supercritical flow occurs in:

When slope changes from mild to steep, the profile formed is:

In an M1 profile of gradually varied flow:

Whose equation is associated with bed-load transport rate?

Incipient motion means particles:

Tractive force in a mobile-boundary channel is:

Which is NOT a formation normally seen in an alluvial channel with sediment movement?

Basic mechanism behind sediment transport is:

If critical shear stress is τc, average shear stress required to move grains is:

Formula for tractive force at bottom of channel:

Curve obtained by plotting shear Reynolds number on x-axis and tractive force parameter on y-axis is:

In a Moody diagram, e/D represents:

Branch of science dealing with occurrence, circulation and distribution of Earth's water:

Hydrology helps in:

Area draining into a stream at a given location is called:

Average annual rainfall in Nepal is approximately:

All forms of water reaching Earth from atmosphere are called:

Interception losses are mainly due to:

Compared with a fan-shaped catchment, a fern-shaped catchment generally has:

Correct statement about stream length in fan-shaped and fern-shaped catchments:

Farm pond is used for:

Precipitation caused by lifting an air mass due to pressure difference is

Precipitation caused by upward movement of warmer air compared with surrounding air:

Cold-frontal precipitation generally occurs over:

Cold-frontal precipitation is formed because:

Standard rain-gauge height:

Symon's rain gauge is:

Commonly used recording rain gauge:

Which recording rain gauge does not produce a mass curve directly?

A rainfall hyetograph shows:

Instrument used to measure evaporation:

Evaporation depends on:

Chemical suitable for reducing evaporation from water surface:

Rain simulators are used for determination of:

Infiltration capacity depends upon:

Wind speed is measured with:

Mass curve of rainfall is a plot of:

Double-mass curve technique is used to:

Plot of cumulative discharge against time in chronological order is:

Total rainfall is 16 cm over 1200 km² during a 6-hour storm. Surface runoff is 1.2 × 10⁸ m³. Find runoff rate.

Rain gauges outside a catchment can be considered in:

The less accurate method for estimating average rainfall over an area is:

Best method for average annual precipitation in a catchment basin:

Thiessen polygon is:

Lines joining points having equal rainfall depth for a given duration are:

Most accurate method for average rainfall in a hilly catchment:

Isohyets are imaginary lines joining points having equal:

Instrument used to measure velocity of river water:

Surface runoff is the quantity of water:

The indirect method for discharge measurement is:

If the stage-discharge relationship at a gauging section is constant with time, the control is called:

To determine discharge from a stream rating curve, the required data are:

If a gauging section has shifting control due to backwater effects, then:

Backwater curve is caused if there is:

Water-surface elevation measured above a datum in a river is known as:

The curve obtained by plotting discharge versus stage is called:

Average mean velocity of a stream of depth h may be obtained by averaging current-meter readings at:

A triangular channel has top width 2.0 m and depth 0.9 m; velocities at 0.18 m and 0.72 m below the surface are 0.6 m/s and 0.4 m/s respectively; find discharge.

A stream is 10 m deep and velocities at depths 2 m and 8 m are 0.7 m/s and 0.3 m/s; discharge per unit width is:

As the duration of a unit hydrograph increases:

The ordinate of a unit hydrograph is obtained by dividing the ordinate of DRH by:

A hydrograph representing one unit of runoff from a rainfall of specified duration and distribution is called:

A unit hydrograph has one unit of:

A graph showing variation of discharge with time at a particular point of a stream is:

The shape of the recession limb of a hydrograph depends on:

Variation in peak discharge in a hydrograph is acceptable up to:

Variation in the hydrograph base is acceptable up to:

Point of inflection in a hydrograph represents the condition of:

The time required by rainfall to reach the outlet of a drainage basin is generally:

Time required for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed outlet is called:

When a watershed changes from rural to urban, the effect of urbanization on the storm-runoff hydrograph is to:

A mean annual runoff of 1 m³/s from a catchment of 31.54 km² represents an effective rainfall of:

A triangular direct-runoff hydrograph has a time base of 80 hours and peak flow of 50 m³/s; catchment area is 144 km²; rainfall excess is:

If two 2-hour hydrographs are staggered by 2 hours and added graphically, the resulting hydrograph will be:

What happens to the probability of annual damage if the design flood is increased?

In the WECS/DHM method, the formula used for flood forecasting for a return period of 2 years is:

For estimating high floods in fan-shaped catchments, the formula used is:

Rational formula is applicable only to:

For annual flood series arranged in descending order, the return period for the magnitude listed at position m in N entries by Weibull formula is:

The probability that a 100-year flood may not occur during 50 years is:

A saturated earth formation that stores water and yields it in sufficient quantity is called:

A geological formation that is essentially impermeable to the flow of water is called:

The volume of water that can be extracted by gravity from a unit volume of aquifer material is called:

The quantity of water retained by soil against gravity is known as:

An ephemeral stream:

Groundwater table is observed by:

A substance which deforms continuously under shear stress is called:

When an external force is applied to a solid, it undergoes:

A fluid of volume 200 m³ weighs 1060 N. If acceleration due to gravity is 6.625 m/s², find its mass density.

If shear stress is 0.03 N/m² and velocity gradient is 0.15 s^-1, find the viscosity.

A fluid will undergo ______ under the action of shearing stress.

On increasing the temperature, the density of water ______.

On increasing the pressure, the density of the fluid ______.

The density of fluid at Earth's equator is ______ than at the pole.

The specific gravity of water at 20°C and 1 atmospheric pressure is ______.

If the volume of a liquid weighing 3000 kg is 4 cubic meters, then 0.75 is its ______.

The maximum density of water occurs at ______ Celsius.

The cohesion of the liquid molecules ______ with the rise in temperature.

Hooke's law for solid is analogous to ______.

Viscosity is defined as ______.

The SI unit of viscosity is ______.

What is the SI unit of kinematic viscosity?

Stoke is the unit of ______.

With increase in temperature, viscosity ______.

Viscosity of gases is mainly due to:

Viscosity of gases varies with temperature:

Kinematic viscosity of air is approximately how many times that of water at 20°C?

A fluid has kinematic viscosity 0.1 stokes. Its value in m²/s is:

Shear stress = 0.03 N/m² and velocity gradient = 0.15 s^-1. Find viscosity.

Dimension of kinematic viscosity is:

Dimensional formula of velocity gradient:

Dimensional formula of dynamic viscosity:

Falling water drops become spherical due to:

Surface tension is force:

Surface tension = 0.51 N/m and pressure inside a water drop is 0.05 N/cm² greater than outside. Find diameter.

Which has greater pressure difference for the same diameter?

A soap bubble has pressure difference 0.075 N/cm² and surface tension 0.075 N/m. Find diameter.

A liquid jet has diameter 5 cm and surface tension 0.075 N/m. Find pressure difference.

Find diameter of water drop if pressure difference = 0.05 N/cm² and surface tension = 0.075 N/m.

Rise of liquid in a small tube above the normal liquid level is called:

Capillary rise of water is:

For liquids, capillary rise/fall with increase in temperature:

If the same amount of liquid is poured into a tube of half the diameter, the rise becomes:

Capillary effect in a 7 mm mercury tube, σ = 0.51 N/m, θ = 130°, ρ = 13600 kg/m³:

In space, capillary rise of water in a tube would:

Mercury surface in an open glass tube is:

Cavitation occurs when pressure becomes:

Cavitation is caused mainly by:

When liquid pressure equals its vapor pressure, ______ occurs.

Variation of volume with pressure is called:

Bulk modulus of liquid:

Ideal flow of liquid obeys:

A fluid whose apparent viscosity increases with deformation rate is:

Fluid in which shear stress is proportional to shear strain rate is:

Vertical component of hydrostatic force on a curved surface equals:

For a static fluid, pressure:

According to Pascal's law, pressure at a point in static fluid is:

Pascal's law applies to:

Pressure at the same depth in narrow and broad containers is

According to Pascal's law, pressure at a point in a static fluid is:

Pressure at 1 m below water surface:

A pressure gauge measures:

Atmospheric pressure varies mainly with:

Atmospheric pressure is measured by:

Pressure below atmospheric pressure is called:

Absolute pressure equals:

Sensitivity of a simple manometer can be improved using:

Gas pressure in a pipe can be measured using:

Manometers are used to measure:

Piezometer is used to measure: