Question 1 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
In the waste management hierarchy, reuse is placed above recycling because reuse
Aproduces a higher quality product in every case
Bavoids the energy and material cost of reprocessing the material
Cis always more profitable
Drequires no collection system
Answer is hidden
Question 2 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
The characteristic that most distinguishes municipal solid waste in Nepal from that in a high-income country is its
Avery high calorific value
Bvery high plastic content
Cvery high organic content, commonly 60 to 70 per cent by weight
Dvery low moisture content
Answer is hidden
Question 3 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Mass-burn incineration of unsegregated municipal waste has repeatedly failed in South Asian cities principally because the waste
Ahas too low a calorific value and too high a moisture content to burn without supplementary fuel
Bis produced in too small a quantity
Ccontains too much plastic
Dis too dry to handle safely
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Question 4 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Integrated sustainable solid waste management holds that a scheme will fail if it is
Adesigned by engineers rather than planners
Btechnically sound but financially or institutionally unsustainable
Coperated by the private sector
Dtechnically unsound but well financed
Answer is hidden
Question 5 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Integrated sustainable solid waste management recommends that informal waste pickers should be
Aremoved from the system entirely
Bprosecuted for handling waste
Cignored, since they handle very little material
Dintegrated into the formal system rather than displaced by it
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Question 6 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
A waste is classified as hazardous if it exhibits
Aignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity
Ba strong odour
Ca low calorific value
Da high moisture content
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Question 7 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Household hazardous waste is of particular concern because it
Ais dispersed through the general municipal stream, where it cannot easily be separated or controlled
Bis more toxic than industrial hazardous waste
Cis always collected separately
Dis generated in very large quantities
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Question 8 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Of the total waste generated by a hospital, the proportion that is actually hazardous is approximately
A100 per cent
B75 to 90 per cent
Cless than 1 per cent
D10 to 25 per cent
Answer is hidden
Question 9 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
The most important single measure in healthcare waste management is
Asegregation of the hazardous fraction at the point of generation
Blandfilling all waste in a secure cell
Cchemical disinfection of the general waste
Dincineration of all healthcare waste
Answer is hidden
Question 10 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Sharps containers must be
Arigid and puncture-proof, and filled to no more than about three-quarters of their capacity
Bopened for sorting before treatment
Cfilled completely before disposal
Dflexible plastic bags
Answer is hidden
Question 11 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
The preferred treatment for infectious healthcare waste, other than anatomical and cytotoxic waste, is
Aopen burning in the hospital compound
Bdischarge to the sewer
Cautoclaving, because it is effective and produces no dioxins
Ddirect disposal to the municipal landfill
Answer is hidden
Question 12 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Open burning of healthcare waste containing chlorinated plastics is particularly objectionable because it
Aconsumes excessive fuel
Bproduces dioxins and furans at low combustion temperature
Cis slower than incineration
Dproduces too much ash
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Question 13 of 78Fundamentals of Solid Waste and Its Management
Cytotoxic waste from chemotherapy is classified as
Athe most hazardous category of healthcare waste, requiring high-temperature incineration
Bordinary infectious waste
Crecyclable material
Dgeneral waste
Answer is hidden
Question 14 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
A density figure quoted for municipal solid waste is meaningless unless it states
Athe colour of the waste
Bthe country of origin
Cthe time of day of collection
Dthe degree of compaction at which it was measured
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Question 15 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Leachate is generated in a landfill only after
Athe field capacity of the waste has been exceeded
Bthe landfill has been closed and capped
Cthe waste has become fully anaerobic
Dthe gas collection system is installed
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Question 16 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Proximate analysis of solid waste reports
Agross and net calorific value
Bthe carbon to nitrogen ratio
Cmoisture, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon and ash
Dcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
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Question 17 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
In Dulong's formula for calorific value, the hydrogen term appears as (H − O/8) because
Aoxygen is always present in excess
Bthe hydrogen already combined with oxygen in the fuel contributes nothing on combustion
Cthe formula is empirical with no physical basis
Dhydrogen is only one eighth as reactive as carbon
Answer is hidden
Question 18 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
For municipal waste to be incinerated without supplementary fuel, its net calorific value must be at least about
A7 MJ/kg
B20 MJ/kg
C2 MJ/kg
D40 MJ/kg
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Question 19 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
The optimum carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for composting is approximately
A5 to 10
B25 to 30
C100 to 150
D1 to 2
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Question 20 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Food waste and dry leaves are commonly blended before composting because
Adry leaves are the only source of moisture
Bfood waste contains no nitrogen
Cthe mixture is lighter to handle
Dfood waste is nitrogen-rich with a low C/N ratio while dry leaves are carbon-rich with a high one
Answer is hidden
Question 21 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Newsprint has a high volatile solids content but a low biodegradability because it
Acontains no organic carbon
Bis rich in lignin, which micro-organisms degrade only very slowly
Cis chemically inert
Dhas a very high moisture content
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Question 22 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Collection of municipal waste in a warm climate should be at intervals shorter than about one week principally because
Aflies complete their breeding cycle in uncollected waste in about that time
Bthe containers corrode
Cthe calorific value falls
Dthe waste becomes too heavy to lift
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Question 23 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
Refuse-derived fuel is particularly suitable for use in cement kilns because into the clinker
Acement kilns produce no emissions
Bcement kilns operate at low temperature
Ctheir high temperature and long residence time destroy organics completely and the ash is incorporated
DRDF requires no preparation
Answer is hidden
Question 24 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
For Nepali municipal solid waste, the more appropriate energy recovery route is
Aanaerobic digestion of the organic fraction, because the waste is wet and highly organic
Bmass-burn incineration, because the calorific value is high
Cdirect combustion without any separation
Dpyrolysis of the mixed waste
Answer is hidden
Question 25 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
A waste-to-energy plant converting waste to electricity typically achieves an overall conversion efficiency of about
A60 per cent
B5 per cent
C90 per cent
D20 to 25 per cent
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Question 26 of 78Properties of Solid Waste
The principal practical obstacle to producing green hydrogen from municipal solid waste is
Athe complete lack of research interest
Bthe low energy content of hydrogen per kilogram
Cthe need for a consistent segregated feedstock, which mixed municipal waste does not provide
Dthe absence of any suitable chemical route
Answer is hidden
Question 27 of 78Collection and Transportation
In a hauled container system of solid waste collection
Athe container remains at the generation point and only the waste is transported
Bthe container itself is transported to the disposal point and returned
Cthe waste is transported manually
Dno container is used at all
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Question 28 of 78Collection and Transportation
A stationary container system is most appropriate for
Aa construction site
Ban industrial premises with a dedicated container
Cscattered residential generators producing small quantities
Da single large market producing many tonnes a day
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Question 29 of 78Collection and Transportation
Collection typically accounts for what proportion of the total cost of a municipal solid waste management system?
A60 to 80 per cent
B90 to 95 per cent
C30 to 40 per cent
D10 to 20 per cent
Answer is hidden
Question 30 of 78Collection and Transportation
Segregation of waste at source is preferred to separation at a central facility because largely lost
Asource segregation requires no public cooperation
Bcentral separation is technically impossible
Ccentral facilities cannot handle organic waste
Donce wet organic waste is mixed with dry recyclables, both are contaminated and the value of each is
Answer is hidden
Question 31 of 78Collection and Transportation
In planning a collection route on a steep hill street, waste should be collected
Aonly on level sections
Bwhile travelling uphill, to keep the vehicle light at the start
Cin no particular direction
Dwhile travelling downhill, so that the vehicle gains load as it descends
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Question 32 of 78Collection and Transportation
Off-route time in a collection operation refers to
Athe time spent at the disposal site
Ball unproductive time, including travel to and from the depot, breaks, waiting and breakdowns
Cthe time spent picking up containers
Dthe time spent hauling the loaded vehicle
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Question 33 of 78Collection and Transportation
A transfer station is economically justified when of double handling
Athe collection vehicles are already large
Bthe disposal site is very close to the city
Cwaste generation is very small
Dthe saving in haul cost from using large vehicles over a long distance exceeds the cost of the station and
Answer is hidden
Question 34 of 78Collection and Transportation
In a direct discharge transfer station
Acollection vehicles discharge straight into the transfer vehicle, which requires the two to be synchronised
Bthe waste is treated before transfer
Cno transfer vehicle is used
Dwaste is stored in a pit and loaded later
Answer is hidden
Question 35 of 78Collection and Transportation
A transfer station should ideally be located
Aat the edge of the municipality farthest from generation
Bnear the centroid of the waste generation area, with good access to a major road
Cin the most densely populated residential street
Dadjacent to the disposal site
Answer is hidden
Question 36 of 78Collection and Transportation
The capacity of a transfer station must be designed for
Athe peak arrival rate of collection vehicles, not the daily average
Bthe minimum arrival rate
Cthe annual total tonnage divided by 365
Dthe daily average arrival rate
Answer is hidden
Question 37 of 78Collection and Transportation
Which collection service gives the highest level of service to the householder at the highest cost?
AKerbside collection
BHousehold self-haul to the disposal site
CCommunity bin collection
DSet-out set-back service, in which a crew member carries the container from the premises and returns it
Answer is hidden
Question 38 of 78Collection and Transportation
Storage capacity for waste at the household must be matched to
Athe collection frequency, subject to the limit imposed by odour and fly breeding in a warm climate
Bthe size of the household's kitchen
Cthe calorific value of the waste
Dthe distance to the disposal site
Answer is hidden
Question 39 of 78Collection and Transportation
The commonest arrangement for residential waste collection in Nepali towns is system
Apneumatic collection through underground pipes
Bhousehold self-haul to a sanitary landfill
Cmechanically loaded hauled container system
Ddoor-to-door collection by a small vehicle or handcart, that is a manually loaded stationary container
Answer is hidden
Question 40 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
The essential difference between an open dump and a sanitary landfill is that a sanitary landfill has
Aa larger area
Ba higher degree of waste compaction only
Ca different type of waste deposited in it
Da liner, leachate collection, gas management, daily cover and long-term monitoring
Answer is hidden
Question 41 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
The area method of landfilling is used in preference to the trench method where
Athe water table is high or the ground is rocky, so excavation is impracticable
Bcover material is abundant on site
Cthe ground is flat with a deep water table
Dthe site is a disused quarry
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Question 42 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
A cell in landfill operation refers to
Athe waste deposited and compacted in one day together with its daily cover
Bone complete layer of waste across the site
Cthe whole landfill site
Dthe leachate collection sump
Answer is hidden
Question 43 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
The most important group of criteria in selecting a landfill site is
Athe distance from the nearest school only
Bthe hydrogeology, since the principal risk is contamination of groundwater
Cthe aesthetic appearance of the site
Dthe availability of electricity
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Question 44 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
A composite landfill liner combines compacted clay with a geomembrane because
Athe two materials fail in different ways, so the clay limits leakage through any puncture in the membrane
Bthe geomembrane provides structural support for the waste
Cregulations require two layers of the same material
Dclay alone is completely impermeable
Answer is hidden
Question 45 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
Groundwater monitoring wells at a landfill must be located
Aat the centre of the waste mass
Bdowngradient only
Cupgradient only
Dboth upgradient and downgradient, so that background quality is established
Answer is hidden
Question 46 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
During the acid phase of waste decomposition in a landfill, the leachate produced is biologically
Aweak, with a BOD/COD ratio below 0.1
Bidentical to that of an old landfill
Cstrong, with very high BOD and a BOD/COD ratio above about 0.5, and therefore readily treatable
Dneutral in pH and free of metals
Answer is hidden
Question 47 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
Landfill gas typically consists of approximately
A90 per cent carbon dioxide
Bhalf methane and half carbon dioxide
C90 per cent methane
Dpure hydrogen sulphide
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Question 48 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
Flaring landfill gas is environmentally beneficial even when the energy is not recovered because
Athe flare produces no emissions at all
Bcombustion converts methane to carbon dioxide, which has a far lower global warming potential
Cflaring destroys the carbon dioxide
Dit increases the landfill capacity
Answer is hidden
Question 49 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
Methane migrating laterally from a landfill is dangerous because it
Ais explosive between about 5 and 15 per cent in air and can accumulate in nearby buildings and services
Bis acutely toxic at low concentration
Cincreases leachate production
Dcorrodes the landfill liner
Answer is hidden
Question 50 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
In the water balance method, leachate generation is calculated as
Aprecipitation less surface runoff, evapotranspiration and the change in moisture storage in the waste
Bthe volume of waste multiplied by its density
Cthe area of the site multiplied by the depth
Dprecipitation alone
Answer is hidden
Question 51 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
The most effective measure for controlling leachate production at a landfill is to
Arecirculate all the leachate indefinitely
Bincrease the capacity of the leachate treatment plant
Ckeep water out of the waste, by capping progressively and diverting surface water around the site
Dincrease the compaction of the waste only
Answer is hidden
Question 52 of 78Waste Disposal and Landfilling
The principal hazard of electronic waste arises from
Athe volume of waste generated
Binformal recycling practices such as open burning of cable and acid leaching of circuit boards
Cits tendency to decompose rapidly
Dits high moisture content
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Question 53 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
The 3R principles are listed as reduce, reuse, recycle in that order because
Athe order expresses the priority, reduction being preferable to reuse and reuse to recycling
Brecycling is the most important of the three
Cthe order has no significance
Dthe order is alphabetical
Answer is hidden
Question 54 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
A dirty material recovery facility differs from a clean one in that a dirty MRF
Agenerates no residue for disposal
Bproduces a higher quality product
Creceives source-separated recyclables
Dreceives mixed waste, giving a lower recovery rate and contaminated, low-value material
Answer is hidden
Question 55 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
An eddy current separator in a material recovery facility is used to recover
Apaper and cardboard
Bnon-ferrous metals, chiefly aluminium
Cferrous metals such as steel
Dglass by colour
Answer is hidden
Question 56 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Recycling aluminium saves approximately what proportion of the energy required to produce it from bauxite?
A20 per cent
B50 per cent
C95 per cent
DNo energy saving at all
Answer is hidden
Question 57 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Paper can be recycled only about five to seven times because
Athe fibre shortens with each cycle until it is too short to form a sheet
Bthe market for recycled paper is limited
Cthe ink cannot be removed
Dpaper is not a renewable material
Answer is hidden
Question 58 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
The most important practical constraint on a recycling scheme is usually
Athe availability of collection vehicles
Bthe existence of a secure end market for the recovered material
Cthe weight of the material
Dthe colour of the collection bins
Answer is hidden
Question 59 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Composting is defined as a process that is
Aanaerobic, excluding oxygen entirely
Bindependent of moisture content
Caerobic, so that oxygen must be maintained throughout the mass
Dcarried out at ambient temperature only
Answer is hidden
Question 60 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
The thermophilic phase of composting, at 55 to 65 °C, is essential because it
Adries the compost completely
Bincreases the carbon to nitrogen ratio
Cdestroys pathogens and weed seeds
Dkills all the decomposing micro-organisms
Answer is hidden
Question 61 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Vermicomposting differs from conventional composting in that it
Arequires no moisture control
Breaches a higher temperature than windrow composting
Cis faster than in-vessel composting
Doperates at ambient temperature and therefore does not achieve pathogen destruction
Answer is hidden
Question 62 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
A compost is judged mature when, among other indicators, its carbon-to-nitrogen ratio has fallen to about
A50 to 60
B1 to 2
C10 to 15
D25 to 30
Answer is hidden
Question 63 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Incineration of municipal solid waste reduces its volume by approximately
A90 per cent, leaving bottom ash and fly ash
B20 per cent
C50 per cent
D100 per cent, leaving no residue
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Question 64 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
The three Ts of good combustion in an incinerator are
Atime, transport and treatment
Btemperature, time and turbulence
Cturbulence, transfer and tipping
Dtemperature, toxicity and tonnage
Answer is hidden
Question 65 of 78Material Recovery, Composting and Incineration
Rapid quenching of incinerator flue gas through the range 250 to 400 °C is required because
Aquenching recovers additional energy
Bthe gas would otherwise solidify
Cthe fabric filter cannot operate above 250 °C only
Ddioxins and furans re-form in that temperature window as the gas cools
Answer is hidden
Question 66 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Under Nepal's Solid Waste Management Act, 2068, the primary responsibility for the collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste rests with
Athe local body
Bthe federal ministry directly
Cprivate companies exclusively
Dthe individual householder alone
Answer is hidden
Question 67 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Under the Solid Waste Management Act, 2068, hazardous, chemical, medical and industrial waste must be
Aexported for treatment in every case
Bmanaged by the generator itself at its own cost, under the prescribed standards
Cmixed with municipal waste for disposal
Dcollected free of charge by the municipality
Answer is hidden
Question 68 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 requires waste generators to
Atransport their waste to the landfill themselves
Bstore waste for a minimum of one week
Csegregate waste at source into organic and inorganic fractions
Dburn their own waste
Answer is hidden
Question 69 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The single greatest gap in solid waste management in Nepal is generally identified as
Aexcessive public participation
Ba shortage of collection vehicles
Cthe absence of effective segregation at source
Da lack of landfill sites alone
Answer is hidden
Question 70 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The composition of Nepali municipal solid waste makes the greatest diversion opportunity lie in
Athe plastic fraction, through incineration
Bthe glass fraction, through recycling
Cthe organic fraction, through composting and anaerobic digestion
Dthe metal fraction, through smelting
Answer is hidden
Question 71 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Most recycling in Nepali cities is carried out by
Athe informal sector of waste pickers, itinerant buyers and scrap dealers
Bforeign contractors
Cmunicipal material recovery facilities
Dthe federal government
Answer is hidden
Question 72 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The vicious circle affecting solid waste finance in Nepali municipalities is that
Apoor service reduces willingness to pay, which reduces revenue, which further degrades the service
Bdonors always provide operating costs
Chigh fees discourage waste generation
Dwaste collection is inherently profitable
Answer is hidden
Question 73 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The NIMBY problem in solid waste management refers to
Athe absence of legislation
Bopposition by communities near any proposed facility, which has repeatedly closed landfill sites
Cthe high moisture content of the waste
Dthe shortage of waste to fill landfills
Answer is hidden
Question 74 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 (2011) replaced
Athe Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Act, 2044 (1987)
Bthe Environment Protection Act, 2076
Cthe Local Government Operation Act, 2074
Dthe Public Health Service Act
Answer is hidden
Question 75 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Under the Solid Waste Management Act, a local body may involve the private sector in waste management
Anot at all, since the function is exclusively public
Bonly by direct appointment without any process
Conly with federal approval for each contract
Dthrough a competitive process, with a licence and an agreement
Answer is hidden
Question 76 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Open burning of solid waste in Nepal is
Apermitted if carried out at night
Bpermitted for organic waste only
Cprohibited under the Solid Waste Management Act
Dthe recommended disposal method for rural areas
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Question 77 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
Environmental assessment of a proposed landfill site in Nepal is required under
Athe Local Government Operation Act only
Bthe Solid Waste Management Act alone
Cthe Environment Protection Act, 2076 and the Environment Protection Rules, 2077
Dno legislation at all
Answer is hidden
Question 78 of 78Governance, Acts and Policies
The Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre was established in order to
Aprovide technical assistance to local bodies in managing solid waste
Bregulate private sector tariffs nationally
Coperate all landfills in the country directly
Dcollect waste in the Kathmandu Valley
Answer is hidden