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Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Ohm’s law relates voltage and current through the:

The SI unit of electric charge is the:

For three equal resistors R connected in delta, the equivalent star resistance per arm is:

In a parallel circuit, the quantity common to all branches is:

Copper is classified as a:

A non-linear circuit element is one that:

Three 9 Ω resistors connected in delta give an equivalent star resistance per arm of:

Electrical energy is billed commercially in units of:

A circuit element that conducts equally well in both directions is called:

According to KVL, the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is:

Superposition theorem is applicable only to:

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source in series with a:

Norton’s theorem represents a network as a current source in parallel with a:

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the:

In an R-L series circuit, the current:

The phase angle of an R-C series circuit is given by:

At series resonance, the circuit impedance is:

At parallel resonance, the line current drawn from the source is:

The quality factor Q of a series RLC circuit is given by:

Active (real) power in an AC circuit is measured in:

AC voltage is generated based on:

The RMS value of a sinusoidal voltage with peak Vm is:

The average value of a full sine wave over one complete cycle is:

The form factor of a sinusoidal waveform equals:

In a balanced star-connected 3-phase system with phase voltage 230 V, the line voltage is approximately:

In a delta connection, the phase difference between line current and phase current is:

The peak factor (crest factor) of a sine wave is defined as:

The standard power supply frequency used in Nepal is:

Star connection is preferred for long-distance power transmission mainly because it provides:

In a delta-connected system, the relationship between line and phase voltage is:

A semiconductor diode conducts significant current when forward biased beyond:

In reverse bias, a diode ideally allows:

The Common Emitter (CE) BJT configuration is most widely used because it offers:

The Common Collector (CC) configuration, also called an emitter follower, has a voltage gain of approximately:

Voltage-divider (self) bias is preferred in BJT circuits mainly because it provides:

A small-signal model of a transistor is used when:

A MOSFET is fundamentally a:

An enhancement-mode MOSFET has a conducting channel:

CMOS technology is valued in digital ICs primarily for its:

The gate terminal of a MOSFET is characterized by:

The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation requires the loop gain magnitude to be:

An oscillator generates a periodic output using:

RC oscillators (e.g. Wien bridge, phase-shift) are typically used for generating frequencies in the:

LC oscillators such as Hartley and Colpitts are typically used for:

The Hartley oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

The Colpitts oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

Crystal oscillators are preferred where high frequency stability is essential because:

A 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator is commonly used to generate:

A function generator, as a laboratory instrument, is capable of producing:

For sustained (steady-amplitude) oscillation, the total phase shift around the feedback loop must equal:

A Class A amplifier output stage conducts for:

The main drawback of a Class B push-pull amplifier is:

Class AB biasing is used mainly to:

The theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class B amplifier is approximately:

A transformer-coupled push-pull output stage is valued because it:

Power BJTs require careful heat-sinking primarily to avoid:

A tuned amplifier achieves high gain over a narrow frequency band by using:

An ideal operational amplifier is characterized by:

The 'virtual short' concept in op-amp analysis applies when:

A voltage follower (buffer) op-amp configuration provides:

At DC steady state, an inductor behaves as a(n):

At DC steady state, a capacitor behaves as a(n):

The time constant of a series R-L circuit is:

The time constant of a series R-C circuit is:

A transient is considered practically complete after about:

In a series RLC circuit, the damping factor α is given by:

The undamped natural frequency of a series RLC circuit is:

If α > ω₀ in a series RLC circuit, the response is:

A critically damped response occurs when:

During capacitor charging through a resistor from DC source V, the current at t = 0⁺ is:

The roots of the numerator polynomial of a network function are called:

The roots of the denominator polynomial of a network function are called:

For a stable network, all poles of the transfer function must lie in the:

Z-parameters are also known as:

Y-parameters are obtained by:

For a reciprocal two-port network, the Z-parameters satisfy:

ABCD (transmission) parameters are most useful for analyzing networks connected in:

Hybrid (h) parameters are commonly used to model:

When two two-port networks are connected in series, the overall parameters are found by adding:

A one-port network is fully characterized by its driving-point:

A polynomial is called Hurwitz if all its roots lie in the:

A necessary condition for a polynomial to be Hurwitz is that all its coefficients must be:

The driving-point impedance of any passive RLC network must be a:

For a positive real function F(s), Re[F(jω)] must be:

The Foster I form realizes the driving-point impedance as a:

The Foster II form realizes the driving-point admittance as a:

The Cauer I form is obtained by a continued-fraction expansion that removes the pole at:

In an LC driving-point impedance function, the poles and zeros:

For an RC driving-point impedance, the critical frequency nearest the origin is always a:

A network consisting of alternating series and shunt elements along the signal path is called a:

When a cylinder is unrolled (opened in rope form), what shape is formed?

How many transistors does a class B push-pull amplifier use?

In which region does a class B amplifier operate?

Which quantity remains constant (same) throughout a series circuit?

In a star (Y) connected three-phase system, what is the relationship between line voltage (Vₗ) and phase voltage (Vₚₕ)?

What is the primary advantage of CMOS logic technology?

What type of feedback do oscillators use to sustain oscillations?

Which theorem gives the condition for maximum power transfer from a source to a load?

According to Ohm's Law, which relationship is correct?

Three equal resistors in series dissipate 10 W. How much power do they dissipate when connected in parallel (same supply voltage)?

A semiconductor is primarily used for:

Two copper wires of the same length have cross-sectional area ratio 1 : 4. What is the ratio of their resistances (small : large)?

A wire has resistance 40 Ω. Another wire of the same length has 4× the cross-sectional area. What is the resistance of the second wire?

The Superposition Theorem is NOT applicable to which type of circuit analysis?

The current through a capacitor is known as:

A bridge rectifier operating at 50 Hz produces an output of:

An inductor and resistor are connected in series and a DC voltage V is applied. At steady state, what is the current?

Three resistors each of 2 Ω are connected in delta. What is the equivalent resistance between any two terminals?

A 1 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a 3 Ω resistor. What is the equivalent resistance?

What is the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) when the reflection coefficient is 0.8?

A transmission line has Z₀ = 50 Ω and termination impedance Za = 75 Ω. What is the SWR and reflection coefficient?

The binary equivalent of decimal 13 is:

The base (radix) of the hexadecimal number system is:

Which gate is known as a “universal gate”?

The output of an XOR gate is HIGH when:

De Morgan’s theorem states that (A+B)’ equals:

SOP stands for:

A Karnaugh map (K-map) is primarily used to:

A standard Karnaugh map used for simplifying expressions of 4 variables has how many cells?

In a POS expression, individual sum terms are combined by:

NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because:

A multiplexer with 4 select lines can select among how many inputs?

A demultiplexer performs the opposite function of a:

A decoder with n input lines can produce up to how many output lines?

A priority encoder resolves the situation when:

A half adder can add:

A full adder differs from a half adder because it additionally accepts a:

In 2’s complement arithmetic, subtraction is performed by:

The range of an 8-bit signed number in 2’s complement form is:

In sign-magnitude representation, the MSB represents:

The 1’s complement of the binary number 1010 is:

An SR flip-flop has an invalid (undefined) state when:

A gated (clocked) flip-flop responds to its inputs:

An edge-triggered flip-flop changes state:

The master-slave flip-flop configuration is primarily used to:

A shift register that accepts data serially and outputs it in parallel is called:

In an asynchronous (ripple) counter, the flip-flops are triggered by:

Compared to asynchronous counters, synchronous counters are:

A JK flip-flop with J=K=1 at the active clock edge will:

A D flip-flop transfers its D input to the output:

Ring counters and Johnson counters are typical applications built from:

The part of a microprocessor that performs arithmetic and logic operations is the:

The register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed is the:

In assembly language, a mnemonic represents:

The three main buses in a microprocessor system are:

A program that converts assembly language into machine code is called a(n):

The accumulator in a microprocessor is primarily used to:

The address bus in a microprocessor is:

Branch (jump) instructions in assembly language are used to:

The word length of a microprocessor refers to:

Data transfer instructions in assembly language typically move data between:

RAM stands for:

Which memory type retains its content even when power is switched off?

In memory-mapped I/O, peripheral devices are:

The PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) is primarily used for:

In asynchronous serial transmission, each data character is framed with:

RS232 is a standard primarily used for:

USART stands for:

DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows data transfer between memory and I/O:

Compared to RS232, USB offers:

In synchronous serial transmission, timing is coordinated by:

An interrupt is best described as:

A hardware interrupt is typically triggered by:

A non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is characterized by:

An Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is:

The interrupt vector table is used to:

When an interrupt occurs, before jumping to the ISR, the processor must first:

At the end of an ISR, a return-from-interrupt instruction is used to:

Compared to polling, using interrupts is generally more efficient because:

A software interrupt is typically triggered by:

Interrupt priority schemes are needed primarily to:

The unit responsible for generating control signals to coordinate CPU operations is the:

In a microprogrammed control unit, control signals are generated from:

An instruction format typically consists of:

The addressing mode in which the operand value is given directly in the instruction is called:

In indirect addressing, the instruction specifies:

RISC architecture is characterized by:

CISC architecture is characterized by:

Pipelining in a CPU improves performance mainly by:

A pipeline hazard that occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous, unfinished instruction is called a:

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) primarily performs:

How many NOT gates are required to build a 2:1 Multiplexer?

How many 2-input NAND gates are contained in a standard 7400 TTL IC?

In TTL logic, what is the input voltage range for a logic LOW (active LOW level)?

When an invalid BCD code (1010–1111) is detected and auto-corrected, what value is added?

What is the terminal (reset) state of a MOD-10 (decade) counter?

What is the minimum number of flip-flops (memory blocks) required to build a MOD-6 ripple counter?

An SR flip-flop is also called a:

A JK flip-flop with J = 1 and K = 1 is clocked at 20 kHz. What is the output waveform and its frequency?

What is the duty cycle of an ideal astable multivibrator?

Which of the following is NOT a valid operation of flip-flops?

The TRAP interrupt in 8085 microprocessor is:

Small-Scale Integration (SSI) refers to ICs with how many transistors?

In VHDL, a signal that represents a bus (multi-bit connection) is declared as:

In VHDL, the primary design unit that represents a hardware block's interface (ports and generics) is called:

The shadow mask technique is used in:

Left-shifting an unsigned binary number by 1 bit is equivalent to:

The expression x << 3 is equivalent to:

Which logic gate is commonly used for parity checking and overflow detection?

In C, printf() and scanf() are examples of:

A while loop is described as entry-controlled because:

A do-while loop differs from a while loop in that a do-while loop:

The break statement, when used inside a loop, causes:

A recursive function must include:

A 2-D array in C is typically used to represent:

A string in C is terminated by:

Which function is used to determine the length of a C string?

The continue statement inside a loop causes:

An identifier in C refers to:

A pointer variable in C stores:

If p is an int pointer, incrementing p (p++) moves it by:

The expression arr[i] in C is equivalent to:

Passing a pointer to a function allows the function to:

The key difference between a structure and a union is that in a union:

To access a member of a structure through a pointer, C uses the:

The fopen() function in C is used to:

Opening a file in mode "a" allows:

Random access to a file in C is achieved primarily using:

An array of structures is best described as:

A namespace in C++ is primarily used to:

Function overloading allows multiple functions to share the same name if they:

An inline function requests the compiler to:

A private member of a class is accessible from:

A constructor is a special member function that is:

A destructor differs from a constructor in that a destructor:

The 'this' pointer inside a non-static member function points to:

A static data member of a class is:

A constant member function guarantees that it will:

A friend function of a class is granted:

Operator overloading in C++ allows an operator such as '+' to:

A unary operator overload acts on:

Converting a built-in type into a class-type object can be achieved using:

In multiple inheritance, a derived class inherits from:

Multilevel inheritance is best described as:

Hierarchical inheritance involves:

The 'diamond problem' in C++ inheritance arises specifically in:

The diamond problem in multipath inheritance is typically resolved using:

In single inheritance, when a derived class object is created, which constructor executes first?

Destructors in an inheritance hierarchy execute in which order relative to constructors?

A virtual function allows:

A pure virtual function is declared in the base class with:

A class containing at least one pure virtual function is called:

Dynamic (late) binding means the function implementation to call is decided:

Which C++ stream class is used specifically for output file operations?

The root class of the C++ I/O stream class hierarchy is:

The stream state function eof() is used to check whether:

The manipulator setw() is used to:

The endl manipulator, when used with cout, inserts:

Unformatted I/O functions such as get() and put() operate at the level of:

A function template in C++ allows a single function definition to:

A class template enables the creation of:

In the STL, which component connects generic algorithms to containers?

Which STL component provides generic functions such as sort and find?

In C++ exception handling, code that might raise an exception is placed inside a:

A single try block in C++ can be followed by:

The syntax catch(...) is used to:

Rethrowing a caught exception is done using:

If a thrown exception has no matching catch handler anywhere in the program, what happens?

An exception object can carry additional data (such as an error code) by:

When an interrupt occurs, the CPU transfers execution to:

The 8086 microprocessor operates in which two modes?

Assembly language source code is translated to machine code by:

The 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) provides which type of interface?

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture is characterized by:

What does the Address Generation Unit (AGU) in a CPU do?

Pipelining in CPU design is also known as:

How many signal wires does the I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) bus use?

A microprocessor fetches its next instruction from:

In an SPI bus running at 5 MHz with 8-bit frames, what is the time taken per bit?

Which circuit inside the CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations?

In floating-point multiplication, the correct sequence of operations is:

Hardwired control unit design is characterized by:

Microprogrammed control unit design generates control signals using:

An instruction format typically consists of:

In immediate addressing mode, the operand:

RISC architecture is generally characterized by:

CISC architecture is generally characterized by:

Pipelining in a CPU is used primarily to:

A data hazard in a pipelined processor occurs when:

Which technique helps mitigate data hazards in a pipeline?

Parallel processing differs from simple pipelining in that parallel processing:

Computer arithmetic operations (add, subtract) in the ALU typically use which number representation?

In the memory hierarchy, which level is generally fastest and smallest?

The memory hierarchy's effectiveness relies on the principle of:

In direct-mapped cache, each main memory block can be placed:

Set-associative cache mapping is best described as:

The LRU (Least Recently Used) algorithm is used in cache design to determine:

Write-through cache policy updates:

Write-back cache policy updates main memory:

ROM is classified, in terms of write ability and storage permanence, as:

A split cache architecture separates:

An I/O module's primary role is to:

Programmed I/O is characterized by:

Interrupt-driven I/O improves on programmed I/O by:

DMA (Direct Memory Access) transfers data:

A multiprocessor system is defined by having:

A common bus interconnection structure in a multiprocessor system can become a:

A crossbar switch interconnection provides:

Inter-processor communication via shared memory relies on:

Semaphores and locks in a multiprocessor system are used primarily to:

Message passing, as an inter-processor communication method, involves:

An embedded system is best described as:

A hard real-time embedded system is characterized by:

A custom single-purpose processor, compared to a general-purpose processor, offers:

An Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processor (ASIP) is designed to:

The basic architecture of a custom single-purpose processor consists of:

Optimizing a custom single-purpose processor can involve:

A cross-compiler is used in embedded development to:

JTAG interfaces are primarily used in embedded development for:

Classification of embedded systems by performance/time requirements distinguishes:

In a custom single-purpose processor, since behavior is implemented directly in hardware:

A process in an operating system is characterized by:

A thread differs from a process mainly in that a thread:

Multitasking on a single processor is achieved through:

Multiprocessing differs from multitasking in that multiprocessing involves:

Rate-Monotonic scheduling assigns task priority based on:

A semaphore in a real-time OS is used to:

A device driver's primary role is to:

An open-loop control system is characterized by:

A closed-loop (feedback) control system compares:

Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF) is a scheduling algorithm that assigns priority based on:

VHDL is primarily used to:

In a VHDL design, the entity primarily defines:

In a VHDL design, the architecture describes:

Which VHDL description style describes a circuit as an interconnection of components?

Overflow in a VHDL arithmetic operation occurs when:

Combinational logic in VHDL is typically modeled using:

Sequential logic in VHDL is typically modeled using a process sensitive to:

Pipelining in a VHDL design is implemented by:

The dataflow style of VHDL description primarily uses:

std_logic and signed/unsigned vectors in VHDL are examples of:

Which feature of IPv6 is NOT supported (unlike IPv4)?

What is the maximum length of a hostname?

Which OSI layer is responsible for process-to-process (end-to-end) communication?

Which cable type is used to directly connect two routers without a switch?

In hierarchical routing, each autonomous domain (cluster) is called a:

FTP uses how many TCP connections?

Heavy network traffic that slows down response time is called:

The default port number for HTTP is:

Which protocol is used for sending email from a client to a mail server?

What is the loopback address in IPv4?

What is the network address of 192.10.16.32 with subnet mask /25?

What is the Network ID of 203.17.10.7 with a /24 subnet mask?

Which function is NOT performed at the Transport Layer?

CDMA technology allows multiple users to:

A packet filter firewall operates at which OSI layer?

The most time-critical real-time network application is:

A proxy server is implemented at which OSI layer?

The correct order of network types from smallest to largest geographic scope is:

The RIP routing protocol uses which metric to determine the best path?

In RIP, a hop count of 16 means:

The IEEE standard for Ethernet is:

Distance vector routing protocols use which algorithm to compute shortest paths?

10Base5 Ethernet supports a maximum segment length of:

A typical LAN covers a geographic scope of up to:

The OSI model consists of how many layers?

The TCP/IP model condenses network functions into how many layers?

Which OSI layer corresponds to the TCP/IP model's 'Internet' layer?

A network hub operates at which layer and with what behavior?

A switch improves on a hub primarily by:

A router forwards data based on:

Optical fiber, compared to twisted pair cable, generally offers: