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Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Ohm’s law relates voltage and current through the:

The SI unit of electric charge is the:

For three equal resistors R connected in delta, the equivalent star resistance per arm is:

In a parallel circuit, the quantity common to all branches is:

Copper is classified as a:

A non-linear circuit element is one that:

Three 9 Ω resistors connected in delta give an equivalent star resistance per arm of:

Electrical energy is billed commercially in units of:

A circuit element that conducts equally well in both directions is called:

According to KVL, the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is:

Superposition theorem is applicable only to:

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source in series with a:

Norton’s theorem represents a network as a current source in parallel with a:

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the:

In an R-L series circuit, the current:

The phase angle of an R-C series circuit is given by:

At series resonance, the circuit impedance is:

At parallel resonance, the line current drawn from the source is:

The quality factor Q of a series RLC circuit is given by:

Active (real) power in an AC circuit is measured in:

AC voltage is generated based on:

The RMS value of a sinusoidal voltage with peak Vm is:

The average value of a full sine wave over one complete cycle is:

The form factor of a sinusoidal waveform equals:

In a balanced star-connected 3-phase system with phase voltage 230 V, the line voltage is approximately:

In a delta connection, the phase difference between line current and phase current is:

The peak factor (crest factor) of a sine wave is defined as:

The standard power supply frequency used in Nepal is:

Star connection is preferred for long-distance power transmission mainly because it provides:

In a delta-connected system, the relationship between line and phase voltage is:

A semiconductor diode conducts significant current when forward biased beyond:

In reverse bias, a diode ideally allows:

The Common Emitter (CE) BJT configuration is most widely used because it offers:

The Common Collector (CC) configuration, also called an emitter follower, has a voltage gain of approximately:

Voltage-divider (self) bias is preferred in BJT circuits mainly because it provides:

A small-signal model of a transistor is used when:

A MOSFET is fundamentally a:

An enhancement-mode MOSFET has a conducting channel:

CMOS technology is valued in digital ICs primarily for its:

The gate terminal of a MOSFET is characterized by:

The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation requires the loop gain magnitude to be:

An oscillator generates a periodic output using:

RC oscillators (e.g. Wien bridge, phase-shift) are typically used for generating frequencies in the:

LC oscillators such as Hartley and Colpitts are typically used for:

The Hartley oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

The Colpitts oscillator uses which feedback network configuration?

Crystal oscillators are preferred where high frequency stability is essential because:

A 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator is commonly used to generate:

A function generator, as a laboratory instrument, is capable of producing:

For sustained (steady-amplitude) oscillation, the total phase shift around the feedback loop must equal:

A Class A amplifier output stage conducts for:

The main drawback of a Class B push-pull amplifier is:

Class AB biasing is used mainly to:

The theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class B amplifier is approximately:

A transformer-coupled push-pull output stage is valued because it:

Power BJTs require careful heat-sinking primarily to avoid:

A tuned amplifier achieves high gain over a narrow frequency band by using:

An ideal operational amplifier is characterized by:

The 'virtual short' concept in op-amp analysis applies when:

A voltage follower (buffer) op-amp configuration provides:

At DC steady state, an inductor behaves as a(n):

At DC steady state, a capacitor behaves as a(n):

The time constant of a series R-L circuit is:

The time constant of a series R-C circuit is:

A transient is considered practically complete after about:

In a series RLC circuit, the damping factor α is given by:

The undamped natural frequency of a series RLC circuit is:

If α > ω₀ in a series RLC circuit, the response is:

A critically damped response occurs when:

During capacitor charging through a resistor from DC source V, the current at t = 0⁺ is:

The roots of the numerator polynomial of a network function are called:

The roots of the denominator polynomial of a network function are called:

For a stable network, all poles of the transfer function must lie in the:

Z-parameters are also known as:

Y-parameters are obtained by:

For a reciprocal two-port network, the Z-parameters satisfy:

ABCD (transmission) parameters are most useful for analyzing networks connected in:

Hybrid (h) parameters are commonly used to model:

When two two-port networks are connected in series, the overall parameters are found by adding:

A one-port network is fully characterized by its driving-point:

A polynomial is called Hurwitz if all its roots lie in the:

A necessary condition for a polynomial to be Hurwitz is that all its coefficients must be:

The driving-point impedance of any passive RLC network must be a:

For a positive real function F(s), Re[F(jω)] must be:

The Foster I form realizes the driving-point impedance as a:

The Foster II form realizes the driving-point admittance as a:

The Cauer I form is obtained by a continued-fraction expansion that removes the pole at:

In an LC driving-point impedance function, the poles and zeros:

For an RC driving-point impedance, the critical frequency nearest the origin is always a:

A network consisting of alternating series and shunt elements along the signal path is called a:

When a cylinder is unrolled (opened in rope form), what shape is formed?

How many transistors does a class B push-pull amplifier use?

In which region does a class B amplifier operate?

Which quantity remains constant (same) throughout a series circuit?

In a star (Y) connected three-phase system, what is the relationship between line voltage (Vₗ) and phase voltage (Vₚₕ)?

What is the primary advantage of CMOS logic technology?

What type of feedback do oscillators use to sustain oscillations?

Which theorem gives the condition for maximum power transfer from a source to a load?

According to Ohm's Law, which relationship is correct?

Three equal resistors in series dissipate 10 W. How much power do they dissipate when connected in parallel (same supply voltage)?

A semiconductor is primarily used for:

Two copper wires of the same length have cross-sectional area ratio 1 : 4. What is the ratio of their resistances (small : large)?

A wire has resistance 40 Ω. Another wire of the same length has 4× the cross-sectional area. What is the resistance of the second wire?

The Superposition Theorem is NOT applicable to which type of circuit analysis?

The current through a capacitor is known as:

A bridge rectifier operating at 50 Hz produces an output of:

An inductor and resistor are connected in series and a DC voltage V is applied. At steady state, what is the current?

Three resistors each of 2 Ω are connected in delta. What is the equivalent resistance between any two terminals?

A 1 Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a 3 Ω resistor. What is the equivalent resistance?

What is the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) when the reflection coefficient is 0.8?

A transmission line has Z₀ = 50 Ω and termination impedance Za = 75 Ω. What is the SWR and reflection coefficient?

The binary equivalent of decimal 13 is:

The base (radix) of the hexadecimal number system is:

Which gate is known as a “universal gate”?

The output of an XOR gate is HIGH when:

De Morgan’s theorem states that (A+B)’ equals:

SOP stands for:

A Karnaugh map (K-map) is primarily used to:

A standard Karnaugh map used for simplifying expressions of 4 variables has how many cells?

In a POS expression, individual sum terms are combined by:

NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because:

A multiplexer with 4 select lines can select among how many inputs?

A demultiplexer performs the opposite function of a:

A decoder with n input lines can produce up to how many output lines?

A priority encoder resolves the situation when:

A half adder can add:

A full adder differs from a half adder because it additionally accepts a:

In 2’s complement arithmetic, subtraction is performed by:

The range of an 8-bit signed number in 2’s complement form is:

In sign-magnitude representation, the MSB represents:

The 1’s complement of the binary number 1010 is:

An SR flip-flop has an invalid (undefined) state when:

A gated (clocked) flip-flop responds to its inputs:

An edge-triggered flip-flop changes state:

The master-slave flip-flop configuration is primarily used to:

A shift register that accepts data serially and outputs it in parallel is called:

In an asynchronous (ripple) counter, the flip-flops are triggered by:

Compared to asynchronous counters, synchronous counters are:

A JK flip-flop with J=K=1 at the active clock edge will:

A D flip-flop transfers its D input to the output:

Ring counters and Johnson counters are typical applications built from:

The part of a microprocessor that performs arithmetic and logic operations is the:

The register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed is the:

In assembly language, a mnemonic represents:

The three main buses in a microprocessor system are:

A program that converts assembly language into machine code is called a(n):

The accumulator in a microprocessor is primarily used to:

The address bus in a microprocessor is:

Branch (jump) instructions in assembly language are used to:

The word length of a microprocessor refers to:

Data transfer instructions in assembly language typically move data between:

RAM stands for:

Which memory type retains its content even when power is switched off?

In memory-mapped I/O, peripheral devices are:

The PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) is primarily used for:

In asynchronous serial transmission, each data character is framed with:

RS232 is a standard primarily used for:

USART stands for:

DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows data transfer between memory and I/O:

Compared to RS232, USB offers:

In synchronous serial transmission, timing is coordinated by:

An interrupt is best described as:

A hardware interrupt is typically triggered by:

A non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is characterized by:

An Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is:

The interrupt vector table is used to:

When an interrupt occurs, before jumping to the ISR, the processor must first:

At the end of an ISR, a return-from-interrupt instruction is used to:

Compared to polling, using interrupts is generally more efficient because:

A software interrupt is typically triggered by:

Interrupt priority schemes are needed primarily to:

The unit responsible for generating control signals to coordinate CPU operations is the:

In a microprogrammed control unit, control signals are generated from:

An instruction format typically consists of:

The addressing mode in which the operand value is given directly in the instruction is called:

In indirect addressing, the instruction specifies:

RISC architecture is characterized by:

CISC architecture is characterized by:

Pipelining in a CPU improves performance mainly by:

A pipeline hazard that occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous, unfinished instruction is called a:

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) primarily performs:

How many NOT gates are required to build a 2:1 Multiplexer?

How many 2-input NAND gates are contained in a standard 7400 TTL IC?

In TTL logic, what is the input voltage range for a logic LOW (active LOW level)?

When an invalid BCD code (1010–1111) is detected and auto-corrected, what value is added?

What is the terminal (reset) state of a MOD-10 (decade) counter?

What is the minimum number of flip-flops (memory blocks) required to build a MOD-6 ripple counter?

An SR flip-flop is also called a:

A JK flip-flop with J = 1 and K = 1 is clocked at 20 kHz. What is the output waveform and its frequency?

What is the duty cycle of an ideal astable multivibrator?

Which of the following is NOT a valid operation of flip-flops?

The TRAP interrupt in 8085 microprocessor is:

Small-Scale Integration (SSI) refers to ICs with how many transistors?

In VHDL, a signal that represents a bus (multi-bit connection) is declared as:

In VHDL, the primary design unit that represents a hardware block's interface (ports and generics) is called:

The shadow mask technique is used in:

Left-shifting an unsigned binary number by 1 bit is equivalent to:

The expression x << 3 is equivalent to:

Which logic gate is commonly used for parity checking and overflow detection?

Doping silicon with phosphorus produces:

The majority charge carriers in a P-type material are:

The typical forward voltage drop of a germanium diode is about:

A bridge rectifier uses how many diodes?

The efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is approximately:

A Zener diode is normally operated in:

In a BJT, the relationship between emitter, base and collector currents is:

Which BJT configuration provides the highest power gain and is most commonly used?

The common collector configuration is also known as the:

Voltage-divider bias is preferred in BJT circuits mainly because it:

A FET is a:

The three terminals of a FET are:

In a JFET, increasing the reverse gate bias V_GS:

The drain current at V_GS = 0 in a JFET is called:

An E-MOSFET (enhancement type) conducts only when:

A D-MOSFET (depletion type) already has a conducting channel present at:

The MOSFET gate is separated from the channel by:

Because of its insulated gate, a MOSFET has:

As a switch, a MOSFET operates between cutoff and the:

CMOS logic consumes very low static power mainly because:

Voltage gain in decibels is calculated as:

In a CE amplifier stage, the output voltage is:

Negative feedback in an amplifier:

A Class B power amplifier conducts for:

Crossover distortion is a characteristic problem of which amplifier class?

Class C amplifiers are mainly used in:

The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation requires the loop gain to be:

A Hartley oscillator uses a tapped:

Which oscillator provides the best frequency stability?

An oscillator essentially converts:

An op-amp is fundamentally a:

An ideal op-amp has an open-loop gain that is:

An ideal op-amp has an input impedance that is:

The “virtual short” concept means that, with negative feedback:

The voltage gain of an inverting amplifier is given by:

The voltage gain of a non-inverting amplifier is always:

A voltage follower (buffer) has a voltage gain of:

An op-amp integrator produces an output proportional to the:

An op-amp comparator output:

CMRR of an op-amp indicates its ability to:

A logarithmic amplifier produces an output proportional to the:

A log amplifier is typically built by placing a diode/BJT in the op-amp’s:

A logarithmic multiplier works on the principle that:

The three main blocks of a PLL are:

A voltage-to-frequency converter produces:

Compared with passive filters, active filters can additionally provide:

Active filters avoid the use of bulky:

The cutoff frequency of a simple first-order active RC filter is given by:

A first-order active low-pass filter passes frequencies:

A first-order active high-pass filter passes frequencies:

The correct historical evolution of bipolar logic families is:

RTL stands for:

The maximum number of similar gate inputs that one gate output can drive is called:

The time taken for a gate’s output to respond to a change at its input is called:

Noise margin represents the maximum noise voltage that can be tolerated:

A lower speed-power product indicates:

In DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic), the logic (AND/OR) function is performed mainly by:

TTL logic gates typically use a distinctive:

Bipolar logic families include all of the following EXCEPT:

Modern digital ICs predominantly use CMOS technology mainly because of its:

How many NOT gates are required to build a 2:1 Multiplexer?

How many 2-input NAND gates are contained in a standard 7400 TTL IC?

In TTL logic, what is the input voltage range for a logic LOW (active LOW level)?

When an invalid BCD code (1010–1111) is detected and auto-corrected, what value is added?

What is the terminal (reset) state of a MOD-10 (decade) counter?

What is the minimum number of flip-flops (memory blocks) required to build a MOD-6 ripple counter?

An SR flip-flop is also called a:

A JK flip-flop with J = 1 and K = 1 is clocked at 20 kHz. What is the output waveform and its frequency?

What is the duty cycle of an ideal astable multivibrator?

Which of the following is NOT a valid operation of flip-flops?

The TRAP interrupt in 8085 microprocessor is:

Small-Scale Integration (SSI) refers to ICs with how many transistors?

In VHDL, a signal that represents a bus (multi-bit connection) is declared as:

In VHDL, the primary design unit that represents a hardware block's interface (ports and generics) is called:

The shadow mask technique is used in:

Left-shifting an unsigned binary number by 1 bit is equivalent to:

The expression x << 3 is equivalent to:

Which logic gate is commonly used for parity checking and overflow detection?

Which of the following is NOT a token in a C program?

The smallest individual unit of a program is called a:

Which data type is used to store decimal (floating-point) numbers?

A named memory location used to store a value that can change is called a:

In C, the format specifier used to print an integer with printf() is:

Which operator is used for logical AND in C?

Structured programming primarily organizes a program around:

In object-oriented programming, data and functions are bound together into a single unit called a(n):

In a flowchart, a diamond shape represents:

An algorithm is best described as:

Which statement executes one of several blocks based on the value of a single variable?

A for loop's three components, in order, are:

Which loop is guaranteed to execute at least once, regardless of the condition?

The while loop is best described as:

The break statement, when used inside a loop, causes:

The continue statement causes:

In a switch statement, the default case executes when:

Nested if-else statements are used to:

The goto statement performs:

Which loop structure is typically preferred when the number of iterations is known in advance?

A function prototype specifies:

In call by value, changes made to a parameter inside the function:

In call by reference, the function receives:

A recursive function is one that:

Every recursive function must have a:

The main advantage of using functions in a program is:

A function that does not return any value should have a return type of:

Passing an array to a function in C effectively passes:

Local variables declared inside a function are:

Recursive functions typically use more:

A pointer is a variable that stores:

The & operator, when applied to a variable, returns its:

The * operator, when applied to a pointer, is used to:

Incrementing a pointer (ptr++) moves it forward by:

In C, an array name used in an expression generally decays to a:

Which function is used in C to dynamically allocate memory at runtime?

The free() function in C is used to:

arr[i] in C is equivalent to which pointer expression?

In C++, dynamic memory is typically allocated using the:

Subtracting two pointers of the same type gives:

An array is best described as:

When an array is passed to a function in C, it is passed:

A two-dimensional array can be thought of as:

A structure (struct) in C is used to:

To access a member of a structure through a pointer to that structure, which operator is used?

An array of structures is used to:

Structure members can be initialized:

Compared to an array, a structure can:

In C, accessing structure members directly (not via a pointer) uses which operator?

Multidimensional arrays are commonly used to represent:

In object-oriented programming, a class is best described as:

An object is:

An inline function is primarily used to:

Function overloading allows:

A private member function of a class can be accessed:

Static data members of a class are:

A static member function can be called:

Operator overloading allows a programmer to:

Inheritance in OOP allows a derived class to:

Polymorphism in OOP refers to the ability of:

A static error in measurement is best described as an error that occurs when:

Dynamic error arises mainly because:

Maxwell’s bridge is primarily used to measure:

Schering bridge is widely used for measuring:

Wien bridge is commonly used for:

The general AC bridge balance condition requires:

Systematic errors in measurement include all of the following EXCEPT:

Gross errors in measurement are typically caused by:

A bridge circuit used to measure the dissipation factor of a capacitor is the:

Which type of error can never be completely eliminated but only minimized statistically?

A transducer that requires an external power source to operate is called a:

A thermocouple is an example of a(n):

An LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) is used to measure:

A strain gauge works on the principle that its:

An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) typically has a:

A thermocouple generates a voltage based on the:

A piezoelectric transducer generates an output voltage when:

A photovoltaic cell (solar cell) is classified as a(n):

In a binary-weighted resistor DAC, the resolution is determined mainly by the:

Which ADC type offers the fastest conversion speed by using a bank of comparators?

In an indicating instrument, the damping system is primarily used to:

A PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil) instrument responds to:

A voltmeter is always connected in the circuit:

An ideal ammeter should have: