BUrbanization often outpacing planned infrastructure/service provision
CA complete absence of any pressure on land or housing
DNo challenges at all; growth has been fully planned
Answer is hidden
Question 13 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
In the hierarchy of development plans, which level sets the highest-level national development goals within which subordinate plans must align?
ALocal development plan
BNational plan
CZonal development plan
DStructure plan
Answer is hidden
Question 14 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
A master plan for a city is best described as:
AOnly a detailed neighbourhood-level plan
BA comprehensive, long-term plan guiding the city's overall physical growth, land use, and infrastructure
CA plan applicable only to a single zone within the city
DA plan with no relationship to land use at all
Answer is hidden
Question 15 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
A structure plan, compared to a master plan, is typically: directions
AMore detailed and covers only a single building
BA broader, more strategic framework indicating major land use zones, transport corridors, and growth
CIdentical in every respect to a master plan
DApplicable only at the national level
Answer is hidden
Question 16 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
A zonal development plan is best described as:
AA national-level plan covering the entire country
BA more detailed plan prepared for a specific zone/area within a city
CA plan applicable only to rural agricultural land
DA plan with no relationship to the master/structure plan
Answer is hidden
Question 17 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
The most detailed level of the development plan hierarchy, guiding development at the local/neighbourhood level, is the:
ANational plan
BRegional plan
CLocal development plan
DMaster plan
Answer is hidden
Question 18 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
Land use planning primarily involves:
AIgnoring all use categories and allowing unrestricted development
BAllocating land within a settlement to appropriate use categories based on suitability, demand, and policy
COnly planning the location of a single building type
DOnly regulating the colour of building facades
Answer is hidden
Question 19 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
Effective land use planning in the Nepalese context increasingly needs to account for:
AOnly the aesthetic preferences of individual property owners
BDisaster risk (seismic, flood) and heritage/conservation zone constraints
CNo external constraints of any kind
DOnly the availability of imported construction materials
Answer is hidden
Question 20 of 60Urbanization, Development Plans and Planning Practices in Nepal
Which of the following correctly orders the plan hierarchy from broadest to most locally detailed?
ALocal development plan โ zonal development plan โ master plan โ national plan
BNational plan โ regional plan โ master/structure plan โ zonal development plan โ local development plan
CZonal development plan โ national plan โ local development plan โ regional plan
DMaster plan โ national plan โ regional plan โ zonal development plan
Answer is hidden
Question 21 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The mean of a data set is calculated as:
AThe value occurring most frequently
BThe sum of all values divided by the number of values
CThe middle value when data is arranged in order
DThe difference between the highest and lowest values
Answer is hidden
Question 22 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The mode of a data set refers to:
AThe arithmetic average of the data
BThe value that occurs most frequently within the data set
CThe middle value when the data is ordered
DA measure of the data's overall dispersion
Answer is hidden
Question 23 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The median of an ordered data set is:
AAlways equal to the mean
BThe middle value (or average of the two middle values for an even-numbered set)
CThe most frequently occurring value
DA measure of variation/dispersion
Answer is hidden
Question 24 of 60Demography/Population Studies
Standard deviation is a statistical measure of:
AThe most frequently occurring value in a data set
BThe amount of variation/dispersion of data values from the mean
CThe total sum of all data values
DThe exact middle value of an ordered data set
Answer is hidden
Question 25 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The arithmetic increase method of population projection assumes:
AA constant percentage growth rate
BA constant absolute (numerical) increase in population per period
CNo growth in population at all
DA rate of growth that changes unpredictably with no pattern
Answer is hidden
Question 26 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The geometric increase method of population projection assumes:
AA constant absolute numerical increase per period
BA constant percentage growth rate applied to a compounding population base
CZero population growth
DAn arbitrary, unexplained growth pattern
Answer is hidden
Question 27 of 60Demography/Population Studies
The incremental increase method of population projection is distinguished by its ability to:
AAssume growth is always zero
BAccount for a changing rate of growth over time, rather than assuming a fixed rate
COnly apply to data sets with a single data point
DIgnore all historical census data
Answer is hidden
Question 28 of 60Demography/Population Studies
Population projections directly inform demand forecasts for which of the following?
AOnly the colour scheme of future buildings
BHousing units, water supply, sanitation, schools, healthcare, and transportation capacity
COnly the historical style of future architecture
DOnly the site's soil bearing capacity
Answer is hidden
Question 29 of 60Demography/Population Studies
Accurate demographic/population studies in planning are important primarily because they help avoid: infrastructure/facilities
AOnly the risk of excessive government spending on unrelated projects
BBoth under-provision (overcrowding/inadequate service) and over-provision (wasted resources) of
CThe need for any land use planning at all
DOnly issues related to building aesthetics
Answer is hidden
Question 30 of 60Demography/Population Studies
Growth rate, as used in population projection, is typically expressed as:
AAn absolute total population figure with no rate component
BAn annual percentage rate of population change
CA fixed value that never varies between different regions
DA measure of a data set's standard deviation
Answer is hidden
Question 31 of 60Land Development
Guided Land Development (GLD) is characterized by:
AFull land acquisition by the authority before any development
BThe authority guiding road/utility/plot layout while landowners develop their own plots within this framework
CThe complete absence of any government involvement in land layout
DConstruction of fully built public housing units by the government
Answer is hidden
Question 32 of 60Land Development
A Site and Services scheme primarily involves: housing incrementally
AThe government constructing complete, finished housing units for beneficiaries
BThe authority providing serviced plots with basic infrastructure, with beneficiaries constructing their own
CNo infrastructure provision of any kind
DExclusively commercial land development with no residential component
Answer is hidden
Question 33 of 60Land Development
Land Pooling (Land Readjustment), as a land development tool, involves: back to owners
APermanent confiscation of all landowner plots with no redistribution
BPooling individual landowner plots, replanning with infrastructure, and redistributing smaller serviced plots
CConstruction of housing exclusively by private developers with no landowner involvement
DApplying only to already fully serviced urban land
Answer is hidden
Question 34 of 60Land Development
In a Land Pooling scheme, a portion of the pooled land is typically retained by the authority primarily to:
AReward the largest landowner with additional plots
BRecover infrastructure development costs and provide public open space/facilities
CPrevent any landowner from receiving a plot back
DConvert the land to agricultural use exclusively
Answer is hidden
Question 35 of 60Land Development
A squatter settlement is best defined as:
AA fully planned and legally titled residential development
BAn unauthorized occupation of land (often public or hazard-prone) lacking secure tenure
CA government-built public housing project with secure tenure
DA commercial zone with no residential use
Answer is hidden
Question 36 of 60Land Development
Which land development tool has been particularly prominent in Nepal's urbanizing areas, especially the Kathmandu Valley?
ASite and Services
BLand Pooling
CGuided Land Development only
DFull government land acquisition and public housing construction
Answer is hidden
Question 37 of 60Land Development
In-situ upgrading, as an approach to addressing existing slum areas, involves:
ADemolishing the settlement entirely with no resident involvement
BImproving infrastructure and services within the existing settlement location
CRelocating all residents regardless of site suitability
DIgnoring the settlement entirely with no intervention
Answer is hidden
Question 38 of 60Land Development
Resettlement, as an approach to addressing squatter settlements, is typically applied when:
AThe existing site is safe and suitable for continued occupation
BThe existing site is hazardous or otherwise unsuitable for continued occupation
CNo infrastructure improvement is ever needed
DThe settlement is already fully legally titled
Answer is hidden
Question 39 of 60Land Development
Site and Services and GLD approaches, compared to fully built public housing, generally offer:
AA higher upfront cost with no flexibility for beneficiaries
BA lower-cost, more incremental alternative allowing beneficiaries to invest according to their means over time
CNo infrastructure provision at all
DIdentical construction timelines and costs to fully built public housing
Answer is hidden
Question 40 of 60Land Development
Tenure regularization, as part of addressing informal settlements, primarily involves:
ADemolishing all informal structures immediately
BFormalizing/securing the legal land tenure rights of existing occupants
CEliminating the need for any infrastructure improvement
DConverting all residential land to commercial use
Answer is hidden
Question 41 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
In Kevin Lynch's 'Image of the City,' 'paths' refer to:
ALinear boundaries separating two areas
BChannels of movement (streets, walkways, transit lines) along which people move through the city
CMedium-to-large recognizable districts
DDistinct external point references for orientation
Answer is hidden
Question 42 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
'Edges,' in Kevin Lynch's framework, are best described as:
AFocal junction points of intense activity
BLinear boundaries/breaks in continuity that separate one area from another (e.g. a river or wall)
CDistinct memorable landmarks used for orientation
DMovement channels used by pedestrians and vehicles
Answer is hidden
Question 43 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
'Districts,' as an element of the Image of the City, are characterized by:
ABeing purely linear movement channels
BA recognizable, common identifying character that an observer mentally enters 'inside of'
CBeing single, small point landmarks
DHaving no relationship to the observer's perception of the city at all
Answer is hidden
Question 44 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
'Nodes,' in Lynch's framework, are best described as:
APurely decorative building facades
BStrategic focal points/junctions of intense activity that an observer can enter
CLinear boundaries separating two districts
DExternal point references with no associated activity
Answer is hidden
Question 45 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
'Landmarks,' as an urban image element, are distinguished by being:
AAreas the observer enters and moves through
BDistinct, memorable point references external to the observer, used for orientation
CLinear movement channels used for daily commuting
DBoundaries that separate two adjacent districts
Answer is hidden
Question 46 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
A 'sense of enclosure' in urban design is typically achieved through:
ARandomly scattered, unrelated building heights with no consistency
BConsistent building lines and heights defining the edges of a street or public space
CThe complete absence of any street network
DEliminating all public open space
Answer is hidden
Question 47 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
Place Making, as an approach to public space, is best characterized as:
AA purely top-down design process with no community involvement
BA collaborative, community-centred approach capitalizing on local assets, inspiration, and potential
CAn approach focused exclusively on vehicular traffic engineering
DA process that ignores how people actually use a space
Answer is hidden
Question 48 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
A key methodological emphasis of Place Making is:
AIgnoring how people actually use a given space
BObserving how people actually use a space and involving the community actively in the design process
CRelying exclusively on large, singular, top-down design gestures
DEliminating all incremental or adaptable interventions
Answer is hidden
Question 49 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
The ultimate goal of Place Making, as commonly articulated, is to:
AMaximize commercial rental income from a public space with no other consideration
BCreate good public spaces that promote people's health, happiness, and wellbeing
CEliminate all public access to a space
DReplace all public spaces with private development
Answer is hidden
Question 50 of 60Basic Concepts, Principles and Elements of Urban Design
Connectivity and walkability, as key urban design principles, primarily support:
AIncreased vehicular speed with no pedestrian consideration
BA well-connected, easily navigable urban environment supporting pedestrian movement
CThe complete elimination of any street network
DA design approach focused solely on building facades with no regard for movement
Answer is hidden
Question 51 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
Planning legislation in Nepal primarily establishes: enforcement
AOnly the aesthetic preferences of individual architects
BThe legal basis for preparing and enforcing development plans, land use zoning, and building permit/byelaw
CNo relationship to land use zoning at all
DOnly historical heritage conservation guidelines
Answer is hidden
Question 52 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
A key element typically addressed by planning legislation is:
AThe mandate and powers of planning authorities
BOnly the colour scheme of building facades
COnly the historical style of new buildings
DOnly the personal preferences of individual property owners
Answer is hidden
Question 53 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
A 'policy,' as a regulatory instrument, is best described as:
AA formally mandatory technical requirement with no flexibility
BA statement of government intent/direction guiding subsequent legislation, plans, and programmes
CA generally accepted benchmark value with no government backing
DA specific structural safety calculation method
Answer is hidden
Question 54 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
'Norms,' as used in planning/design regulation, are best distinguished from formal standards by being:
AAlways more rigid and legally binding than standards
BGenerally accepted benchmark values/practices, often less rigid/binding than a formal standard
CIdentical in every respect to a formal standard
DApplicable only to national-level legislation
Answer is hidden
Question 55 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
A 'standard,' as a regulatory instrument, typically refers to: safety requirements)
AA vague statement of government intent with no specific requirement
BA formally specified, typically mandatory technical requirement (e.g. minimum room dimensions, structural
CA general benchmark value with no compliance obligation
DOnly an informal community preference with no legal weight
Answer is hidden
Question 56 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
In practice, national policy and legislation typically provide: requirements
AThe specific, project-level technical requirements for every individual building
BThe overall direction and legal basis, while local byelaws/norms/standards provide project-specific
CNo relevant framework for local planning practice at all
DRequirements that directly override all local municipal byelaws with no local application
Answer is hidden
Question 57 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
Architects and planners in Nepal need to remain current with evolving legislation/policy particularly in relation to:
AOnly historical stylistic trends with no regulatory relevance
BPost-earthquake building code updates and evolving urban development policies
COnly international design award criteria
DOnly foreign building codes with no relevance to Nepal
Answer is hidden
Question 58 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
Enforcement mechanisms within planning legislation typically include:
ANo consequences at all for unauthorized construction
BPenalties for unauthorized construction or land use violations
COnly voluntary guidelines with no compliance mechanism
DRewards for violating established land use zoning
Answer is hidden
Question 59 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between policy, norms, and standards? mandatory technical requirements
AThey are entirely unrelated regulatory concepts with no hierarchy
BPolicy sets overall intent/direction, norms provide benchmark reference practices, and standards set
CStandards are always less specific than policies
DNorms are always more legally binding than standards
Answer is hidden
Question 60 of 60Regulatory Frameworks
Compliance with the layered regulatory framework (legislation, policy, norms, standards) in a Nepalese architectural project is important primarily because it: priorities
AHas no bearing on the legality of a proposed development
BEnsures the proposed development is legally compliant and appropriately responsive to national and local
COnly affects projects located outside of Nepal
DIs entirely optional with no consequence for non-compliance